Measuring method, stage apparatus, and exposure apparatus

ABSTRACT

An exposure apparatus can mitigate the impact of fluctuations in the refractive index of ambient gas, and improve, for example, stage positioning accuracy. An exposure apparatus radiates an exposure illumination light to a wafer on a wafer stage through a projection optical system, and forms a prescribed pattern on the wafer, and comprises: a scale, which is provided to the wafer stage; a plurality of X heads, which detect information related to the position of the scale; a measurement frame that integrally supports the plurality of X heads and has a coefficient of linear thermal expansion that is smaller than that of the main body of the wafer stage (portions excepting a plate wherein the scale is formed); and a control apparatus that derives information related to the displacement of the wafer stage based on the detection results of the plurality of X heads.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 12/219,110,filed Jul. 16, 2008, which claims priority to Japanese PatentApplication No. 2007-187649, filed Jul. 18, 2007, and to U.S.provisional application No. 60/929,988, filed Jul. 20, 2007, thecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to: a measurement technology and a stagetechnology that measure the position of a movable member, e.g., a stage,that is for moving an object; an exposure technology that uses the stagetechnology to expose the object; and a device fabrication technologythat uses the exposure technology to fabricate a device, e.g., asemiconductor device or a liquid crystal display device.

Description of Related Art

Lithography for fabricating devices (electronic devices, microdevices,and the like), such as semiconductor devices and liquid crystal displaydevices, employs an exposure apparatus (e.g., a static exposure type—afull field exposure type—projection exposure apparatus such as astepper, or a scanning exposure type projection exposureapparatus—scanning exposure apparatus—such as a scanning stepper) thatexposes a wafer (or a glass plate and the like), which is coated with aphotoresist, by projecting a circuit pattern formed in a reticle (or aphotomask and the like) onto the wafer through a projection opticalsystem. In order to reduce positional distortion and overlay error in acircuit pattern fabricated with such an exposure apparatus, laserinterferometers, which use frequency stabilized lasers as light sources,are conventionally used to measure the position of the stage thatpositions or moves the wafer and the like.

With a laser interferometer, the refractive index of the gas in theoptical path, along which the laser light propagates, fluctuatesdepending on, for example, the temperature, the pressure, and thehumidity of the gas, and these fluctuations in turn cause fluctuationsin the measurement values of the interferometer (called interferometerturbulence). Accordingly, with an exposure apparatus, it is the practicein the conventional art to reduce interferometer turbulence by using aventilation system that ventilates temperature controlled gas to theoptical path of the measurement beam of the interferometer in order tostabilize the temperature of the gas in that optical path. An exposureapparatus has recently been proposed (e.g., referred to JapaneseUnexamined Patent Application Publication No. H05-2883313, and JapaneseUnexamined Patent Application Publication No. H08-261718) that uses atubular cover or the like to cover at least part of the optical path ofthe measurement beam in order to increase the temperature stability ofthe gas in the optical path of the measurement beam of the laserinterferometer.

As discussed above, it is necessary to take measures against turbulencewhen using a laser interferometer. Nevertheless, when a stage to bemeasured—particularly a wafer stage of a scanning type exposureapparatus—is moved at a high speed in the vertical and transversedirections, there is a problem in that the movement of the stage causesirregular fluctuations in the gas flow, and consequently interferometerturbulence remains to a certain extent.

A purpose some aspects of the present invention is to provide ameasurement technology and a stage technology that can mitigate theimpact of fluctuations in the refractive index of ambient gas, anexposure technology that can improve, for example, stage positioningaccuracy using the stage technology, and a device fabrication technologythat uses the exposure technology.

SUMMARY

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provideda measuring method that measures a displacement of a movable member withrespect to a predetermined member, the method comprising: providing ascale to one of the predetermined member and the movable member andproviding a plurality of detectors to the other one, the detectors beingcapable of detecting the scale; supporting the scale or the plurality ofdetectors provided to the predetermined member with a support member, acoefficient of linear thermal expansion of which is smaller than that ofthe movable member; and measuring the displacement of the movable memberbased on the detection results of the plurality of detectors.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provideda measuring method that measures a displacement of a movable member, themethod comprising: integrally supporting a plurality of detectors with asupport member; detecting a scale provided to the movable member bymeans of the plurality of detectors; and measuring the displacement ofthe movable member based on the detection results of the plurality ofdetectors, wherein the support member is attached to a base member thathas a coefficient of linear thermal expansion larger than that of thesupport member via a plurality of flexural members, and the tip parts ofthe flexural members can be displaced with respect to the base member indirections along the surface of the scale.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provideda stage apparatus that is capable of positioning a stage with respect toa predetermined member, the apparatus comprising: a scale, which isprovided to one of the stage and the predetermined member; a pluralityof detectors, which are provided to another one of the stage and thepredetermined member and detect information related to the position ofthe scale; a support member that supports the plurality of detectors,which are provided to the stage or the predetermined member, and thathas a coefficient of linear thermal expansion that is smaller than thatof the stage; and a control apparatus that derives information relatedto a displacement of the stage based on detection results of theplurality of detectors.

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is providedan exposure apparatus that radiates an exposure light to a substrate andforms a prescribed pattern on the substrate, the apparatus comprising: astage apparatus according to an aspect of the present invention, whereinthe substrate is positioned by means of the stage apparatus.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is providedan exposure apparatus that radiates an exposure light to a substrate,which is held by a moveable stage, and forms a prescribed pattern on thesubstrate, the apparatus comprising: a scale, which is provided to thestage; a plurality of detectors, which detect information related to theposition of the scale; a support member that integrally supports theplurality of detectors; a base member, the coefficient of linear thermalexpansion of which is larger than that of the support member; a couplingmechanism that couples the support member to the base member in thestate wherein the support member can be displaced in directions along asurface of the scale; and a control apparatus that derives informationrelated to the displacement of the stage based on detection results ofthe plurality of detectors; wherein, the coupling mechanism couples thesupport member and the base member, and comprises a plurality offlexural members, the tip parts of which can be displaced in directionsalong the surface of the scale.

According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provideda device fabricating method that includes a lithographic process,wherein an exposure apparatus according to an aspect of the presentinvention is used in the lithographic process.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a partial cutaway view that shows a schematic configuration ofan exposure apparatus according to a first embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a plan view that shows a stage apparatus of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view that shows a measurement frame of FIG.1.

FIG. 4 is a view that shows the layout of alignment systems and positionmeasurement encoders in FIG. 1.

FIG. 5A includes is a plan view that shows a wafer stage.

FIG. 5B is a partial cross sectional side view of the wafer stage.

FIG. 6A is a plan view that shows a measurement stage.

FIG. 6B is a partial, cross sectional side view of the measurementstage.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram that shows the principal components of acontrol system of the exposure apparatus according to a firstembodiment.

FIG. 8A is a view for explaining the measurement of the position of awafer table within the XY plane, which is performed by the plurality ofencoders each of which comprises a plurality of heads arranged in anarray, and the handover of measurement values between heads.

FIG. 8B is a view for explaining the measurement of the position of awafer table within the XY plane, which is performed by the plurality ofencoders each of which comprises a plurality of heads arranged in anarray, and the handover of measurement values between heads.

FIG. 9A shows one example of the configuration of an encoder.

FIG. 9B shows the case wherein a laser beam, which has a cross sectionalshape that extends longitudinally in the directions of periodicity of agrating, is used as a detection beam.

FIG. 10A shows the state in which a first alignment shot is measured.

FIG. 10B shows the state wherein a second alignment shot is measured.

FIG. 10C shows one example of an array of alignment shots of a wafer.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart that shows one example of the measurement andexposure operations according to a first embodiment.

FIG. 12 is a partial cutaway view that shows a schematic configurationof the exposure apparatus according to a second embodiment.

FIG. 13 is a partial cutaway view that shows a schematic configurationof an exposure apparatus according to a third embodiment.

FIG. 14 is an enlarged oblique view of the principal parts of FIG. 13.

FIG. 15 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the operation in thecase wherein the lengths of a measurement frame and a head base in FIG.13 change.

FIG. 16A shows a narrow rod shaped member.

FIG. 16B shows a flexural member wherein slotted parts are formed.

FIG. 17 is a partial cutaway plan view that shows a coupling methodaccording to a modified example of FIG. 13.

FIG. 18 is a flow chart that shows one example of a microdevicefabricating process.

FIG. 19 is a partial cutaway view that shows a schematic configurationof the exposure apparatus according to another embodiment.

FIG. 20 is a bottom view along A-A shown in FIG. 19.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS First Embodiment

The following explains a preferred first embodiment of the presentinvention, referencing FIG. 1 through FIG. 11.

FIG. 1 schematically shows the configuration of an exposure apparatus100 according to the present embodiment. The exposure apparatus 100 is astep-and-scan-type scanning exposure apparatus, i.e., a so-calledscanner. With the present embodiment as discussed below, a projectionoptical system PL is provided; furthermore, in the explanation below,the Z axis lies in the directions that are parallel to an optical axisAX of the projection optical system PL, the Y axis lies in thedirections within a plane that is orthogonal thereto and wherein areticle and a wafer are scanned relative to one another, the X axis liesin the directions that are orthogonal to the Z axis and the Y axis, andthe θx, the θy, and the θz directions lie in rotational (inclined)directions around the X axis, the Y axis and the Z axis, respectively.

The exposure apparatus 100 comprises: an illumination system 10; areticle stage RST that holds a reticle R, which is illuminated byillumination light (exposure light) IL for exposure from theillumination system 10; a projection unit PU that comprises theprojection optical system PL, which projects the illumination light ILthat emerges from the reticle R onto a wafer W; a stage apparatus 50,which comprises a wafer stage WST and a measurement stage MST; and acontrol system, which controls these constituent elements. The wafer Wis mounted on the wafer stage WST.

As disclosed in, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2001-313250 (corresponding U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2003/0025890), the illumination system 10 comprises: alight source; and an illumination optical system that has, for example,a luminous flux intensity uniformizing optical system, which includes anoptical integrator (e.g., a fly-eye lens, a rod integrator, i.e., aninternal reflection type integrator, and a dioptric element), and areticle blind (none of which are shown). The illumination system 10illuminates a slit shaped illumination area JAR, which is defined by areticle blind, on the reticle R with the illumination light IL at asubstantially uniform luminous flux intensity. In one example, ArFexcimer laser light (193 nm wavelength) is used as the illuminationlight IL. Furthermore, examples of light sources that can be used as theillumination light include KrF excimer laser light (248 nm wavelength),F₂ laser light (157 nm wavelength), the higher harmonics of a YAG laser,the higher harmonics of a solid state laser (e.g., a semiconductorlaser), and the bright lines (e.g., the i line) of a mercury lamp.

The reticle R, the pattern surface (lower surface) of which has acircuit pattern or the like formed therein, is fixed to the reticlestage RST by, for example, vacuum chucking. A reticle stage drive system11 (FIG. 7) that includes, for example, linear motors is capable ofdriving the reticle stage RST finely within an XY plane and at aspecified scanning speed in scanning directions (Y directions).

Reticle interferometers 116, which comprise laser interferometers,continuously detect the position (including rotation in the θzdirections) of the reticle stage RST (FIG. 1) in its plane of motion viamovable mirrors 15 (which may be reflecting surfaces that are formed bymirror polishing end surfaces of the stage) with a resolving power of,for example, approximately 0.5-0.1 nm. The measurement values of thereticle interferometers 116 are sent to a main control apparatus 20(FIG. 7). The main control apparatus 20 calculates the position of thereticle stage RST in at least the X, the Y, and the θz directions basedon the measurement values of the reticle interferometers 116 andcontrols the position and velocity of the reticle stage RST bycontrolling the reticle stage drive part 11 based on the calculationresults. Furthermore, the reticle interferometers 116 may also becapable of measuring the position of the reticle stage RST in at leastone of the Z, the θx, and the θy directions.

In FIG. 1, the projection unit PU, which is disposed below the reticlestage RST, includes the projection optical system PL, which comprises alens barrel 40 and a plurality of optical elements that are held thereinwith prescribed positional relationships. For example, a dioptric systemthat includes a plurality of lens elements arrayed along the opticalaxis AX is used as the projection optical system PL. The projectionoptical system PL is, for example, double telecentric, and has aprescribed projection magnification β (e.g., a reduction magnificationof 1:4, 1:5, or 1:8). When the illumination system 10 illuminates theillumination area IAR with the illumination light IL, the illuminationlight IL that passes through the reticle R travels through theprojection optical system PL, and thereby an image of the reticle Rcircuit pattern within the illumination area TAR is formed in anexposure area IA (an area that is conjugate to the illumination areaJAR) on the wafer W, the front surface of which is coated with resist (aphotosensitive agent).

Furthermore, with the exposure apparatus 100, exposures are performedwherein an immersion method is used. In this case, a catadioptric systemthat includes mirrors and lenses may be used as the projection opticalsystem PL in order to avoid increasing the size thereof. Furthermore, inaddition to a photosensitive layer, a protective film (a topcoat film)may be formed on the wafer W that protects, for example, the wafer orthe photosensitive layer.

In addition, in order to perform an exposure wherein the liquidimmersion method is used, the exposure apparatus 100 is provided with anozzle unit 32, which constitutes part of a local liquid immersionapparatus, that is disposed so that it surrounds the circumference of alower end part of the lens barrel 40 that holds an objective 191, whichis the optical element of the plurality of optical elements thatconstitute the projection optical system PL that is most on the imageplane side (wafer W side) thereof.

In FIG. 1, the nozzle unit 32 has a supply port, which is capable ofsupplying liquid Lq for exposure, and a recovery port, which is capableof recovering the liquid Lq. A porous member (mesh) is disposed in therecovery port. The lower surface of the nozzle unit, which is capable ofopposing the front surface of the wafer W, includes: a lower surface ofthe porous member thereof; and a flat surface that is disposed so thatit surrounds an opening through which the illumination light IL passes.In addition, the supply port is connected to a liquid supply apparatus186 (refer to FIG. 7), which is capable of feeding the liquid Lq, via asupply passageway, which is formed in the interior of the nozzle unit32, and a supply pipe 31A. The recovery port is connected to a liquidrecovery apparatus 189 (refer to FIG. 7), which is capable of recoveringat least the liquid Lq, via a recovery passageway, which is formed inthe interior of the nozzle unit 32, and a recovery pipe 31B.

The liquid supply apparatus 186 comprises: a tank of liquid; a pressurepump; a temperature control apparatus; and a flow control valve, whichturns the supply of the liquid to the supply pipe 31A on and off;furthermore, the liquid supply apparatus 186 is capable of feedingclean, temperature adjusted liquid Lq for exposure. The liquid recoveryapparatus 189 comprises: a tank of liquid; a suction pump; and a flowcontrol valve that controls the recovery of the liquid Lq via therecovery pipe 31B; furthermore, the liquid recovery apparatus 189 iscapable of recovering the liquid Lq. Furthermore, the tanks of liquid,the pressure (suction) pumps, the temperature control apparatuses, thecontrol valves, and the like do not all necessarily have to be providedby the exposure apparatus 100; for example, at least some of theseconstituent elements can be replaced by a facility at, for example, theplant where the exposure apparatus 100 is installed.

The main control apparatus 20 controls the operation of the liquidsupply apparatus 186 and the operation of the liquid recovery apparatus189 (FIG. 7). The liquid Lq for exposure that is fed from the liquidsupply apparatus 186 (FIG. 7) flows through the supply pipe 31A and thesupply passageway of the nozzle unit 32 (FIG. 1), and is then suppliedto an optical path space of the illumination light IL via the supplyport. In addition, the liquid Lq that is recovered via the recovery portby driving the liquid recovery apparatus 189 (FIG. 7) flows through therecovery passageway of the nozzle unit 32 (FIG. 1) and is then recoveredby the liquid recovery apparatus 189 via the recovery pipe 31B. The maincontrol apparatus 20 (FIG. 7) performs the operation wherein the nozzleunit 32 supplies the liquid Lq via the supply port and the operationwherein the nozzle unit 32 recovers the liquid Lq via the recovery portin parallel, and thereby forms an immersion space of the liquid Lq sothat an immersion area 14 (refer to FIG. 3), which includes the opticalpath space of the illumination light IL between the objective 191 andthe wafer W (FIG. 1), is filled with the liquid Lq.

In the present embodiment, pure water (water), through which ArF excimerlaser light (light with a wavelength of 193 nm) transmits, is used asthe liquid Lq for exposure. Pure water is advantageous in that it can beeasily obtained in large quantities at, for example, semiconductorfabrication plants, and does not adversely affect the photoresist on thewafer, the optical lenses, and the like. The refractive index n of waterwith respect to the ArF excimer laser light is substantially 1.44. Thewavelength of the illumination light IL in water is shortened toapproximately 134 nm (193 nm×1/n), which improves resolution.

As can be understood from the explanation above, in the presentembodiment, the local liquid immersion apparatus comprises the nozzleunit 32, the liquid supply apparatus 186, the liquid recovery apparatus189, as well as the supply pipe 31A and the recovery pipe 31B for theliquid Lq. Furthermore, part of the local liquid immersion apparatus,e.g., at least the nozzle unit 32, may be supported so that it issuspended from a main frame (including a base plate that supports thelens barrel as discussed above) that holds the projection unit PU, andmay be provided to a frame member that is separate from the main frame.In the present embodiment, the nozzle unit 32 is provided via a couplingmember (not shown) to a measurement frame 21, which is supported so thatit is suspended independently of the projection unit PU. In this case,the projection unit PU does not have to be supported so that it issuspended.

Furthermore, even if the measurement stage MST is positioned below theprojection unit PU (FIG. 1), it is still possible to fill the spacebetween a measurement table MTB (discussed below) and the objective 191with water in the same manner as mentioned above. Furthermore, in theexplanation above, one liquid supply pipe (nozzle) and one liquidrecovery pipe (nozzle) are provided as an example, but the presentinvention is not limited thereto; for example, a configuration may beadopted that comprises numerous nozzles, as disclosed in, for example,PCT International Publication WO99/49504—provided that such nozzles canbe laid out while considering their relationships with surroundingmembers. In other words, any configuration may be adopted as long as itis possible to supply the liquid to the space between the wafer W andthe lowest end optical member (objective) 191 that constitutes theprojection optical system PL. For example, the liquid immersionmechanism disclosed in PCT International Publication WO 2004/053955 orthe liquid immersion mechanism disclosed in European Patent ApplicationPublication No. 1,420,298 can be adapted to the exposure apparatus ofthe present embodiment.

Returning to FIG. 1, the stage apparatus 50 comprises: the wafer stageWST and the measurement stage MST, which are disposed above a base plate12; an interferometer system 118 (refer to FIG. 7) that includes Y axisinterferometers 16, 18, which measure the positions of the stages WST,MST; an encoder system (discussed below), which is used in themeasurement of the position of the wafer stage WST when, for example, anexposure is to be performed; and a stage drive system 124 (refer to FIG.7) that drives the stages WST, MST and a Z and leveling mechanism(discussed below).

A plurality of noncontact bearings (not shown), e.g., air pads thatconstitute vacuum primed aerostatic bearings, are provided to the bottomsurfaces of the wafer stage WST and the measurement stage MST, and thestatic pressure of the pressurized air that is blown out from the airpads toward the upper surface of the base plate 12 noncontactuallysupports the wafer stage WST and the measurement stage MST above thebase plate 12 with a clearance of approximately several microns. Inaddition, the stage drive system 124 (FIG. 7) can drive the stages WST,MST independently in the two-dimensional directions—in the Y directionsand the X directions.

In further detail, as shown in the plan view of FIG. 2, two Y axisstators 86, 87, which extend in the Y directions, are disposed on afloor surface on opposite sides of the base plate 12 so that the baseplate 12 is interposed therebetween. Each of the Y axis stators 86, 87comprises a magnetic pole unit with a built-in permanent magnet groupthat comprises multiple sets of north pole magnets and south polemagnets that are disposed alternately and at prescribed intervals in,for example, the Y directions. Two Y axis sliders 82, 84 and two Y axissliders 83, 85 are provided to the Y axis stators 86, 87, respectively,in noncontactually engaged states. Namely, a total of four Y axissliders 82, 84, 83, 85 are in states wherein they are inserted in theinterior spaces of the Y axis stators 86, 87, which are U shaped in theXZ cross sectional plane, and are noncontactually supported by thecorresponding Y axis stators 86, 87 via air pads (not shown) with aclearance of, for example, approximately several microns. Each of the Yaxis sliders 82, 84, 83, 85 comprises an armature coil unit withbuilt-in armature coils that are disposed at prescribed intervals in,for example, the Y directions. Namely, in the present embodiment, the Yaxis sliders 82, 84, each of which comprises an armature unit, and the Yaxis stator 86, which comprises a magnetic pole unit, constitute movingcoil type Y axis linear motors. Likewise, the Y axis sliders 83, 85 andthe Y axis stator 87 constitute moving coil type Y axis linear motors.Hereinbelow, the abovementioned four Y axis linear motors are assignedthe same symbols as the sliders 82, 84, 83, 85, and are properly calledthe Y axis linear motors 82, 84, 83, 85.

Of the four Y axis linear motors mentioned above, the sliders 82, 83 ofthe two Y axis linear motors 82, 83 are fixed to one end and anotherend, respectively, of an X axis stator 80, which extends in the Xdirections, in the longitudinal directions. In addition, the sliders 84,85 of the remaining two Y axis linear motors 84, 85 are fixed to one endand another end, respectively of an X axis stator 81, which extends inthe X directions. Accordingly, the two pairs of Y axis linear motors 82,83, 84, 85, one pair for each of the X axis stators 80, 81, drive the Xaxis stators 80, 81 along the Y axis.

Each of the X axis stators 80, 81 comprises an armature coil unit thathas built-in armature coils, which are disposed at prescribed intervalsin, for example, the X directions. The X axis stator 81 is provided inthe state wherein it is inserted in an opening (not shown) that isformed in a stage main body 91 (refer to FIG. 1) that constitutes partof the wafer stage WST. A magnetic pole unit, which comprises apermanent magnet group that comprises multiple sets of north polemagnets and south pole magnets disposed alternately at prescribedintervals in, for example, the X directions, is provided in the innerpart of the opening of the substrate stage 91. This magnetic pole unitand the X axis stator 81 constitute a moving magnet type X axis linearmotor that drives the stage main body 91 in the X directions. Likewise,the X axis stator 80 is provided in the state wherein it is inserted inan opening that is formed in a stage main body 92 that constitutes themeasurement stage MST. A magnetic pole unit that is similar to the oneon the wafer stage WST side (the stage main body 91 side) is providedinside the abovementioned opening of the stage main body 92. Thismagnetic pole unit and the X axis stator 80 constitute a moving magnettype X axis linear motor that drives the measurement stage MST in the Xdirections.

In the present embodiment, a main control apparatus 20 shown in FIG. 7controls each of the abovementioned linear motors that constitute thestage drive system 124. Furthermore, the linear motors are not limitedto either moving magnet types or moving coil types, and some other typesmay be appropriately selected as needed. Furthermore, it is possible tocontrol yawing (rotation in the θz directions) of the wafer stage WST(or the measurement stage MST) by making the thrust that is generated byeach of the two Y axis linear motors 84, 85 (or 82, 83) slightlydifferent.

The wafer stage WST comprises the stage main body 91 discussed above anda wafer table WTB, which is mounted on the stage main body 91 via the Zand leveling mechanism (e.g., a voice coil motor; not shown), that isfinely driven relative to the stage main body 91 in the Z, the θx, andthe θy directions.

A wafer holder (not shown), which holds the wafer W by vacuum chuckingor the like, is provided on the wafer table WTB. The wafer holder may beformed integrally with the wafer table WTB; however, in the presentembodiment, the wafer holder and the wafer table WTB are configuredseparately, e.g., the wafer holder is fixed to a recessed part of thewafer table WTB by vacuum chucking. In addition, a plate (liquidrepellent plate) 28 is provided to the upper surface of the wafer tableWTB and has a front surface (liquid repellent surface) that issubstantially flush with the front surface of the wafer W that ismounted on the wafer holder and that has been treated so that it liquidrepellent with respect to the liquid Lq; furthermore, the plate 28 has arectangular external shape (contour); in addition, a circular openingthat is larger than the wafer holder (the wafer mounting area) is formedat a center part of the plate 28. The plate 28 is made of a materialthat has a low coefficient of thermal expansion, e.g., glass, a glassceramic, or a ceramic (Zerodur, which is the name of a product made bySchott Nippon K.K., Al₂O₃, TiC, or the like); in addition, a liquidrepellent film that is made of, for example, a fluororesin material, afluorine based resin material such as polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon™),an acrylic based resin material, or a silicone based resin material isformed on the front surface of the plate 28.

Furthermore, the plate 28 comprises: a first liquid repellent area 28 a,which has a rectangular external shape (contour) and surrounds thecircular opening as shown in the plan view of the wafer table WTB (thewafer stage WST) in FIG. 5A; and a rectangular frame shaped (annular)second liquid repellent area 28 b, which is disposed around the firstliquid repellent area 28 a. At least part of the immersion area 14(refer to FIG. 3), which juts out from the front surface of the waferwhen, for example, an exposure operation is performed, is formed on thefirst liquid repellent area 28 a, and scales for the encoder system,which are discussed below, are formed on the second liquid repellentarea 28 b. Furthermore, at least part of the front surface of the plate28 may not be flush with the front surface of the wafer, i.e., it may beat a different height. In addition, the plate 28 may be a single plate;however, in the present embodiment, the plate 28 comprises a pluralityof plates, e.g., a combination of first and second liquid repellentareas 28 a, 28 b and corresponding first and second liquid repellentplates. Furthermore, the liquid Lq in the present embodiment is purewater; consequently, in one example, the repellent areas 28 a, 28 b areeach provided with a water repellent coat.

In this case, the illumination light IL is radiated to the inner sidefirst liquid repellent area 28 a, but is virtually not radiated to theouter side second liquid repellent area 28 b. In consideration of thispoint, in the present embodiment, a water repellent coat that issufficiently resistant to the illumination light IL (in this case,vacuum ultraviolet region light) is applied to the front surface of thefirst liquid repellent area 28 a, while a water repellent coat ofinferior resistance with respect to the illumination light IL comparedwith that of the first liquid repellent area 28 a is applied to thefront surface of the second liquid repellent area 28 b.

In addition, as can be seen in FIG. 5A, an oblong notch is formed on theend part of the first liquid repellent area 28 a on the +Y directionside and at the center part of the first liquid repellent area 28 a inthe X directions; furthermore, a measurement plate 30 is embedded in theoblong space (in the notch), which is surrounded by the notch and thesecond liquid repellent area 28 b. A fiducial mark FM is formed at thecenter of the measurement plate 30 in the longitudinal directions (alonga center line LL of the wafer table WTB), and two slit patterns (slitshaped measurement patterns) SL for aerial image measurement, which aredisposed symmetrically with respect to the center of the fiducial mark,are formed on one side and another side of the fiducial mark in the Xdirections. Examples of patterns that can be used for each of the slitpatterns SL include: an L-shaped slit pattern, the sides of which extendin the X and Y directions; and two linear slit patterns that extend inthe X and Y directions, respectively.

Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 5B, an L-shaped casing, wherein a lighttransmitting system 36 is housed that comprises an optical system thatincludes an objective, a mirror, and a relay lens, is installed in apartially buried state inside the wafer stage WST below theabovementioned slit patterns SL so that it passes through part of theinterior of the stage main body 91 from the wafer table WTB. Althoughnot shown, two light transmitting systems 36 are provided thatcorrespond to the abovementioned two aerial image measurement slitpatterns SL. Each of the light transmitting systems 36 guides theillumination light IL that transmits through the corresponding aerialimage measurement slit pattern SL along an L-shaped path and then emitsthe illumination light IL in the Y direction.

Furthermore, numerous grating lines 37, 38 are formed directly in theupper surface of the second liquid repellent area 28 b along the foursides thereof with a prescribed pitch. In greater detail, Y scales 39Y₁,39Y₂ are formed in the areas that are on opposite sides of the secondliquid repellent area 28 b in the X directions (on both the left andright sides in FIG. 5A). Each of the Y scales 39Y₁, 39Y₂ comprises areflecting type grating (e.g., a phase diffraction grating), which isdisposed with its direction of periodicity in the Y directions, whereinthe grating lines 38 are formed in directions (Y directions) that areparallel to the Y axis at a prescribed pitch and are disposed so thattheir longitudinal directions are in the X directions.

Similarly, X scales 39X₁, 39X₂ are formed in the areas that are onopposite sides of the second liquid repellent area 28 b in the Ydirections (on both the upper and lower sides in FIG. 5A). Each of the Xscales 39X₁, 39X₂ comprises a reflecting type grating (e.g., a phasediffraction grating), which is disposed with its direction ofperiodicity in the X directions, wherein the grating lines 37 are formedin directions (X directions) that are parallel to the X axis at aprescribed pitch and are disposed so that their longitudinal directionsare in the Y directions.

A scale—wherein a reflecting type diffraction grating is formed as, forexample, a hologram on the front surface of the second liquid repellentarea 28 b—is used for each of the scales 39Y₁, 39Y₂, 39X₁, 39X₂. In thiscase, a grating, which comprises narrow slits, grooves, or the like, isengraved as graduations with a prescribed spacing (a pitch) in each ofthe scales. The types of diffraction gratings that are used in thescales are not limited; for example, grooves may be formed mechanically;in addition, interference fringes may be formed on, for example, aphotosensitive resin by printing the interference fringes thereon.However, each of the scales is created by engraving the abovementioneddiffraction grating graduations on, for example, a thin, plate shapedglass with a pitch of 138 nm to 4 μm, e.g., a 1-μm pitch. Each of thesescales is covered by the liquid repellent film (water repellent film)discussed above. Furthermore, for the sake of convenience in thedrawing, the pitch of each the gratings shown in FIG. 5A is much largerthan the actual pitch. The same applies to other drawings as well.

Thus, in the present embodiment, the second liquid repellent area 28 bitself comprises scales, and therefore a glass plate with a lowcoefficient of thermal expansion is used as the material of the secondliquid repellent area 28 b. However, the present invention is notlimited thereto; for example, a scale member that comprises a glassplate with a low coefficient of thermal expansion and wherein gratingsare formed may be fixed to the upper surface of the wafer table WTB by,for example, a leaf spring (or by vacuum chucking) so that shrinkage andexpansion does not occur locally; in such a case, the plate 28 may besubstituted by a water repellent plate, the entire surface of which iscoated with the same water repellent coat.

The Y end surface and the end surface of the wafer table WTB are eachmirror polished, thereby forming reflecting surfaces 17 a, 17 b, asshown in FIG. 2. The Y axis interferometer 16 and an X axisinterferometer 126 (refer to FIG. 2) of the interferometer system 118(refer to FIG. 7) project interferometer beams (length measuring beams)to the reflecting surfaces 17 a, 17 b, respectively, and receive thebeams reflected thereby. Furthermore, the interferometers 16, 126measure the displacements of the reflecting surfaces from referencepositions (e.g., reference mirrors that are disposed on the sidesurfaces of the projection unit PU), i.e., the position of the waferstage WST within the XY plane; furthermore, those measurement values aresupplied to the main control apparatus 20. In the present embodiment,multiaxis interferometers, each of which has a plurality of opticalaxes, are used as the Y axis interferometer 16 and the X axisinterferometer 126; furthermore, based on the measurement values of theinterferometers 16, 126, the main control apparatus 20 can measure theposition of the wafer table WTB in the X and Y directions and itsrotation in the θx directions (pitching), its rotation in the θydirections (rolling), and its rotation in the θz directions (yawing).

However, in the present embodiment, the position (including the rotationin the θz directions) of the wafer stage WST (the wafer table WTB)within the XY plane is measured principally by the encoder system(discussed below) that includes, for example, the Y scales and the Xscales, which were discussed above; furthermore, the measurement valuesof the interferometers 16, 126 are used supplementarily when, forexample, long-term fluctuations (e.g., caused by scale deformation overthe course of time) in the measurement values of the encoder system arecorrected (calibrated). In addition, the Y axis interferometer 16 isused in the measurement of, for example, the position of the wafer tableWTB in the Y directions in the vicinity of the unloading position(discussed below) and the loading position, which are the wafer exchangepositions. In addition, at least one of the measurements of theinterferometer system 118, i.e., at least one of the positions in thedirections of five degrees of freedom (the X, the Y, the θx, the θy, andthe θz directions), is used in the movement of the wafer stage WST, forexample, between the loading operation and the alignment operationand/or between the exposure operation and the unloading operation.

Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 3, which is a plan view of the measurementframe 21 in FIG. 1, the Y axis interferometer 16 and the X axisinterferometer 126 of the interferometer system 118 as well as the Yaxis interferometer 18 and a X axis interferometer 130 for themeasurement stage MST (discussed below) are supported by the bottomsurface of the measurement frame 21 via support members 24A, 24C, 24B,24D. Nevertheless, the Y axis interferometers 16, 18 and the X axisinterferometers 126, 130 may be provided either integrally with theprojection unit PU, which is supported so that it is suspended asdiscussed above, or to the main frame that holds the projection unit PU.In these cases, each of the interferometers 16, 18, 126, 130 may includejust an interferometer optical system that splits and combines thelength measuring beam that travel toward the stages and the referencebeam that travel toward the reference mirrors; in addition, a receiverof each of the interferometers 16, 18, 126, 130 (photoelectric detector)that receives the interference light produced by the interferencebetween the length measuring beam and the reference beam may besupported by a column (not shown).

Furthermore, in the present embodiment, the wafer stage WST includes thestage main body 91, which is capable of moving freely within the XYplane, and the wafer table WTB, which is mounted on the stage main body91 and is capable of finely moving relative to the stage main body 91 inthe Z, the θx, and the θy directions, but the present invention is notlimited thereto; of course, a single stage that is capable of movingwith six degrees of freedom may be used as the wafer stage WST. Inaddition, instead of the reflecting surfaces 17 a, 17 b, movable mirrorsthat comprise plane mirrors may be provided to the wafer table WTB.Furthermore, the positions at which the reference mirrors (fiducialsurfaces) are disposed are not limited to the projection unit PU, andthe position of the wafer stage WST does not necessarily have to bemeasured using reference mirrors.

In addition, in the present embodiment, the position of the wafer stageWST, which is measured by the interferometer system 118, is not used in,for example, the exposure operation and the alignment operationdiscussed below, but rather it is used principally in, for example, thecalibration operation (i.e., calibration of the measurement values)performed by the encoder system; however, the measurement informationfrom the interferometer system 118 (at least one of the positions in thedirections of five degrees of freedom) may be used in, for example, theexposure operation and/or the alignment operation. In the presentembodiment, the encoder system measures the position of the wafer stageWST in the directions of three degrees of freedom, i.e., the X axial,the Y axial, and the θz directions. Accordingly, of the measurementinformation from the interferometer system 118, the exposure operationor the like may use just the position in directions (e.g., the θxdirections and/or the θy directions) that differ from the directions(the X, the Y, and the θz directions) in which the position of the waferstage WST is measured by the encoder system, or the position in thedirections that are the same as the directions measured by the encodersystem (i.e., at least one of the X directions, the Y directions, andthe θz directions) in addition to the position in the abovementioneddifferent directions. In addition, the interferometer system 118 may becapable of measuring the position of the wafer stage WST in the Zdirections. In this case, the position in the Z directions may be usedin, for example, the exposure operation.

The measurement stage MST in FIG. 1 is configured so that the flat,plate shaped measurement table MTB is fixed to the stage main body 92.Various measuring members are provided to the measurement table MTB andthe stage main body 92. As shown in, for example, FIG. 2 and FIG. 6A, anillumination intensity nonuniformity sensor 94, which has a pin holeshaped light receiving part, an aerial image measuring instrument 96,which measures an aerial image (projected image) of the pattern that isprojected by the projection optical system PL, a wavefront aberrationmeasuring instrument 98, and the like are used as the measuring members.

Furthermore, in the present embodiment, an immersion exposure isperformed wherein the wafer W is exposed with the illumination light ILthrough the projection optical system PL and the liquid (water) Lq;correspondingly, with the abovementioned illumination intensitynonuniformity sensor 94 (and a luminous flux intensity monitor), theaerial image measuring instrument 96, and the wavefront aberrationmeasuring instrument 98, which are used in the measurements wherein theillumination light IL is used, the illumination light IL is receivedthrough the projection optical system PL and water.

As shown in FIG. 6B, a frame shaped mounting member 42 is fixed to anend surface on the direction side of the stage main body 92 of themeasurement stage MST. In addition, two light receiving systems 44,which are disposed so that they can oppose the two light transmittingsystems 36 discussed above, one of which is shown in FIG. 5B, are fixedto an end surface on the Y direction side of the stage main body 92 inthe vicinity of the center position inside the opening of the mountingmember 42 in the X directions. Each of the light receiving systems 44comprises: an optical system, such as a relay lens; a light receivingdevice, e.g., a photomultiplier tube; and a casing that houses theseelements. As can be understood from FIG. 5B, FIG. 6B, and theexplanation up to this point, in the present embodiment, theillumination light IL that transmits through each of the slit patternsSL of the measurement plate 30 is guided by the corresponding lighttransmitting system 36 (discussed above), and is received by the lightreceiving device of the corresponding light receiving system 44 in thestate wherein the wafer stage WST and the measurement stage MST areproximate within a prescribed distance in the Y directions (or the statewherein they contact one another). Namely, the measurement plate 30, thelight transmitting systems 36, and the light receiving systems 44constitute an aerial image measuring apparatus 45 (refer to FIG. 7),which is similar to the one disclosed in, for example, JapaneseUnexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-14005 (correspondingU.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0041377).

A confidential bar (hereinbelow, abbreviated as “CD bar”) 46, whichserves as a fiducial member and comprises a rod shaped member that isrectangular in a cross section, is provided on the mounting member 42 inFIG. 6B so that it extends in the X directions. The CD bar 46 has afully kinematic mount structure and is supported kinematically on themeasurement stage MST.

The CD bar 46 is the standard (the measurement reference), andconsequently a glass ceramic with a low coefficient of thermalexpansion, e.g., Zerodur (the name of a product made by Schott NipponK.K.), is used as the material of the CD bar 46. The upper surface(front surface) of the CD bar 46 is made with a high degree of flatnesson the same order as that of a so-called fiducial plane parallel plate.In addition, as shown in FIG. 6A, a reference grating (e.g., diffractiongrating) 52 with a direction of periodicity in the Y directions isformed in the vicinity of the end part of the CD bar 46 on one side andon another side in the longitudinal directions. The two referencegratings 52 are formed so that they are spaced apart by a prescribeddistance (L) at the center of the CD bar 46 in the X directions, i.e.,symmetric with respect to a center line CL discussed above.

In addition, a plurality of fiducial marks M, which is disposed as shownin FIG. 6A, is formed in the upper surface of the CD bar 46. Themultiple fiducial marks M are formed in an array of three rows in the Ydirections with identical pitch; furthermore, the fiducial marks M areformed so that adjacent rows are shifted from one another in the Xdirections by a prescribed distance. A two-dimensional mark withdimensions that can be detected by a primary alignment system andsecondary alignment systems (discussed below) is used for each of thefiducial marks M. The shape (configuration) of each of the fiducialmarks M may be different than that of the fiducial mark FM in FIG. 5Adiscussed above; however, in the present embodiment, the fiducial marksM and the fiducial mark FM have identical configurations, and thealignment marks of the wafer W are likewise identically configured.Furthermore, in the present embodiment, the front surface of the CD bar46 and the front surface of the measurement table MTB (which may includethe measuring members discussed above) are each covered by a liquidrepellent film (water repellent film).

As shown in FIG. 2, reflecting surfaces 19 a, 19 b are formed on the +Yend surface and the −X end surface, respectively, of the measurementtable MTB, the same as with the wafer table WTB discussed above. The Yaxis interferometer 18 and the X axis interferometer 130 of theinterferometer system 118 (refer to FIG. 7) measure the displacement ofeach of the reflecting surfaces from a corresponding reference positioninformation, i.e., the position of the measurement stage MST (including,for example, at least the position informations in the X and the Ydirections and the rotation information in the θz directions), byprojecting interferometer beams (length measuring beams) to thereflecting surfaces 19 a, 19 b and receiving the beams reflectedthereby, and supply these measurement values to the main controlapparatus 20.

Incidentally, as shown in FIG. 2, stopper mechanisms 48A, 48B areprovided to both end parts of the X axis stators 81, 80 in the Xdirections. The stopper mechanisms 48A, 48B comprise: shock absorbers47A, 47B, which are provided to the X axis stator 81 and serve ascushioning apparatuses that comprise, for example, oil dampers; openings51A, 51B, which are provided to the X axis stator 80 at positions thatoppose the shock absorbers 47A, 47B; and shutters 49A, 49B that open andclose the openings 51A, 51B. The open/close states of the openings 51A,51B, which are opened and closed by the shutters 49A, 49B, are detectedby open/close sensors 101 (refer to FIG. 7), which are provided in thevicinities of the shutters 49A, 49B; in addition, the detection resultsare sent to the main control apparatus 20.

The operation of the stopper mechanisms 48A, 48B will now be explained,taking the stopper mechanism 48A as a representative example.

In FIG. 2, if the X axis stator 81 and the X axis stator 80 approach oneanother in the state wherein the shutter 49A covers the opening 51A,then the shock absorber 47A and the shutter 49A contact one another, andthereby the X axis stators 80, 81 cannot approach one another anyfurther. However, if the X axis stators 81, 80 approach one another inthe state wherein the shutter 49A is open and in turn the opening 51A isopen, then at least part of a tip part of the shock absorber 47A can beinserted into the opening 51A, and thereby the X axis stators 81, 80 canbe made to approach one another. As a result, it is possible to make thewafer table WTB and the measurement table MTB (the CD bar 46) contactone another (or to draw near so that they are within a distance ofapproximately 300 μm).

In FIG. 2, spacing sensors 43A, 43C and collision sensors 43B, 43D areprovided on both end parts of the X axis stator 80 on the −Y side, andplate shaped members 41A, 41B, each of which is long and thin in the Ydirections, are provided to opposite end parts of the X axis stator 81on the +Y side so that they project therefrom. The spacing sensors 43A,43C comprise, for example, light transmissive photosensors (e.g.,sensors that consist of LED phototransistors); in addition, when the Xaxis stator 80 and the X axis stator 81 approach one another, the plateshaped member 41A enters the spacing sensor 43A, which reduces theamount of light received and makes it possible to detect the fact thatthe spacing between the X axis stators 80, 81 has fallen below theprescribed distance.

Similar to the spacing sensors 43A, 43C, the collision sensors 43B, 43Dare photoelectric sensors and are disposed on the far side thereof. Withthe collision sensors 43B, 43D, at the point that the X axis stators 81,80 further approach one another and the wafer table WTB and the CD bar46 (the measurement table MTB) are in contact (or at a point at whichthey approach one another within a distance of approximately 300 μm),the upper half of the plate shaped member 41A is positioned between thesensors, and consequently the main control apparatus 20 can detect thefact that the tables are in contact (or have approached one anotherwithin a distance of approximately 300 μm) by detecting the fact thatthe amount of light received by those sensors is zero.

Although not shown in FIG. 1 in order to avoid complicating the drawing,with the exposure apparatus 100 in the present embodiment, a primaryalignment system AL1 is actually disposed as shown in FIG. 4; here, theprimary alignment system AL1 has a center of detection that is along astraight lane LV, which is parallel to the Y axis and passes through thecenter of the projection unit PU (i.e., the optical axis AX of theprojection optical system PL; in the present embodiment, the projectionunit PU also coincides with the center of the exposure area IA discussedabove), and that is at a position that is spaced apart from the opticalaxis AX on the −Y side by a prescribed distance. The primary alignmentsystem AL1 is fixed to the measurement frame 21 (refer to FIG. 1) via asupport member 54. Secondary alignment systems AL2 ₁, AL2 ₂ andsecondary alignment systems AL2 ₃, AL2 ₄ are provided on one side andanother side, respectively, of the primary alignment system AL1 in the Xdirections so that the primary alignment system AL1 is interposedtherebetween; furthermore, the detection centers of the secondaryalignment systems AL2 ₁, AL2 ₂ and the secondary alignment systems AL2₃, AL2 ₄ are disposed substantially symmetrically with respect to thestraight line LV. Namely, the detection centers of the five alignmentsystems AL1, AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄ are disposed at different positions in the Xdirections, i.e., they are disposed along the X directions.

As shown representatively for the secondary alignment system AL2 ₄, eachof the secondary alignment systems AL2 _(n) (n=1-4) is fixed to a tip(pivoting end) of a corresponding arm 56 _(n) (n=1-4), which is capableof pivoting around a center of rotation O clockwise and counterclockwisein FIG. 4 within a prescribed angular range. In the present embodiment,part of each of the secondary alignment systems AL2 _(n) (for example,including at least the optical system that radiates alignment light to adetection area and that guides light emitted from a target mark withinthe detection area to the light receiving device) is fixed to thecorresponding arm 56 _(n), and the remaining part is provided to themeasurement frame 21. Each of the secondary alignment systems AL2 ₁-AL2₄ is pivoted around the center of rotation O and its X position isthereby adjusted. Namely, the detection areas (and the detectioncenters) of the secondary alignment systems AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄ areindependently moveable in the X directions. Furthermore, in the presentembodiment, the X position of each of the secondary alignment systemsAL2 ₁-AL2 ₄ is adjusted by the pivoting of the corresponding arm, butthe present invention is not limited thereto; for example, a drivemechanism may be provided that drives the secondary alignment systemsAL2 ₁-AL2 ₄ reciprocatively in the X directions. In addition, at leastone of the secondary alignment systems AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄ may be moveable notonly in the X directions, but also in the Y directions. Furthermore,part of each of the secondary alignment systems AL2 _(n) is moved by thecorresponding arm 56 _(n), and therefore a sensor (not shown), e.g., aninterferometer or an encoder, can measure the position of the part thatis fixed to that corresponding arm 56 _(n). The sensors may measure theposition of the secondary alignment systems AL2 _(n) in the X directionsonly, but they may also be capable of measuring the positions of thesecondary alignment systems AL2 _(n) in other directions, e.g., the Ydirections and/or the rotational directions (including at least one ofthe θx and the θy directions).

Vacuum pads 58 _(n) (n=1-4), each of which comprises a differentialexhaust type air bearing, are provided to the upper surfaces of the arms56 _(n), respectively. In addition, rotary drive mechanisms 60 _(n)(n=1-4; refer to FIG. 7), which include motors and the like, can pivotthe arms 56 _(n) in accordance with instructions from the main controlapparatus 20. After the main control apparatus 20 rotationally adjuststhe arms 56 _(n), it operates the vacuum pads 58 _(n) so as to chuck thearms 56 _(n) to the measurement frame 21 (refer to FIG. 1). Thereby, thestates of the arms 56 _(n) after their rotational angles have beenadjusted are maintained, i.e., the desired positional relationshipsamong the primary alignment system AL1 and the four secondary alignmentsystems AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄ are maintained.

Magnetic bodies may be fixed in advance to the portions of themeasurement frame 21 that oppose the arms 56 _(n), and electromagnetsmay be used instead of the vacuum pads 58 _(n).

In the present embodiment, for example, an image processing type fieldimage alignment (FIA) system is used for the primary alignment systemAL1 and each of the four secondary alignment systems AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄. EachFIA system irradiates a target mark with a broadband detection beam thatdoes not photosensitize the resist on, for example, the wafer W, uses animage capturing device (e.g., a CCD or a CMOS) to capture an image of anindex (an index pattern on an index plate that is provided in eachalignment system; not shown) and an image of a target mark that isformed on a light receiving surface by the light reflected from thattarget mark, and outputs the captured image signals thereof. Thecaptured image signal from each of the alignment systems AL1, AL2 ₁-AL2₄ is supplied to the main control apparatus 20 (FIG. 7).

Furthermore, each of the alignment systems mentioned above is notlimited to an FIA system; for example, it is of course possible to use,either independently or in appropriate combination: an alignment sensorthat radiates a coherent detection beam to a target mark and detectsscattered light or diffracted light emitted from that target mark; andan alignment sensor that causes and detects interference between twodiffracted lights (e.g., diffracted lights of the same order ordiffracted lights that diffract in the same direction) emitted from thattarget mark. In addition, in the present embodiment, five alignmentsystems AL1, AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄ are provided, which makes it possible toperform alignment efficiently. Nevertheless, the number of alignmentsystems is not limited to five; for example, there may be two to four ormore than six, and there may be an even or odd number. In addition, justthe primary alignment system AL1 may be used. Furthermore, in thepresent embodiment, each of the five alignment systems AL1, AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄is fixed to the measurement frame 21 via the corresponding supportmember 54, but the present invention is not limited thereto; forexample, they may be fixed to a lower surface of the main frame thatholds the projection unit PU.

As shown in FIG. 4, with the exposure apparatus 100 of the presentembodiment, four head units 62A-62D of the encoder system are disposedin a state such that they surround the nozzle unit 32 discussed above onall four sides thereof. A plurality of Y heads 64 and X heads 66 thatconstitute the head units 62A-62D are fixed to the bottom surface of theflat, plate shaped measurement frame 21 (refer to FIG. 1) via fixedmembers (not shown), as shown by chain double-dashed lines in FIG. 4.The fixed members can comprise, for example: multiple bushings, each ofwhich has a female thread formed therein that is made of a metal with alow coefficient of expansion (e.g., Invar), that are embedded in themeasurement frame 21 and fixed therein by, for example, bonding; andbolts that fix the casing of each of the individual heads 64, 66 of thehead units 62A-62D to the corresponding bushing.

FIG. 3 is a plan view that shows the measurement frame 21. As shown inFIG. 3, an opening 21 a, through which the tip part of the projectionunit PU passes, is formed in the center part of the measurement frame21. The measurement frame 21 is formed from a material that has anextremely low coefficient of linear thermal expansion (low coefficientof expansion). Furthermore, the head units 62A-62D may be fixed in thestate wherein they are suspended from a member with an extremely lowcoefficient of linear thermal expansion that is fixed to the main framethat holds the projection unit PU (discussed above).

The material of the measurement frame 21 is, for example, a lowexpansion glass (e.g., CLEARCERAM-Z HS, which is the name of a productmade by Ohara Inc.) or a low expansion glass ceramic (e.g., Zerodur,which is the name of a product made by Schott Nippon K.K.), both ofwhich have a coefficient of linear thermal expansion that is withinapproximately ±0.2×10⁻⁷/K (0.02 ppm/K). In addition, a low expansionceramic that has a coefficient of linear thermal expansion withinapproximately 0.5×10⁻⁶/K (0.5 ppm/K), or Super Invar, which has a linearthermal expansion coefficient that is smaller than that of Invar, canalso be used as the material of the measurement frame 21.

In this regard, the material of a main body part, whereon the plate 28of the wafer table WTB of the wafer stage WST (FIG. 1) is mounted, andthe material of the stage main body 91 of the wafer stage WST are, forexample, iron (steel), which has a coefficient of linear thermalexpansion of approximately 0.1×10⁻⁴/K (10 ppm/K), or Invar, which has acoefficient of linear thermal expansion of approximately 1×10⁻⁶/K (1ppm/K). As a result, the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of themeasurement frame 21 in the present embodiment is set smaller than,e.g., approximately ½- 1/50, that of the members (the main body part ofthe wafer stage WST) excepting the plate 28 (FIG. 5A) wherein the scales39Y₁, 39Y₂, 39X₁, 39X₂ of the wafer stage WST are formed.

Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 1, the exposure apparatus 100 of thepresent embodiment is disposed on a floor FL inside a chamber (notshown). The base plate 12, which guides the wafer stage WST, is disposedon the floor FL via, for example, a plurality of vibration isolatingblocks (not shown). Furthermore, three L-shaped suspending members 22A,22B, 22C (refer to FIG. 3) are fixed on the floor FL so that theysurround the base plate 12, and the measurement frame 21 is supported sothat it is suspended from the tip parts of the suspending members 22A,22B, 22C via vibration isolating members 23A, 23B, 23C, respectively.The vibration isolating members 23A-23C are members that isolatevibrations using, for example, air springs, hydraulics, or mechanicalsprings.

In FIG. 3, columns 105A, 105B, 105C are installed on the floor surfaceat three locations: positions that sandwich the measurement frame 21 inthe Y directions; and a position along the side surface of themeasurement frame 21 in the −X direction. X axis sensors 106XA, 106XB,which measure the displacement of the measurement frame 21 in the Xdirections, and Z axis sensors 106ZA, 106ZB, which measure thedisplacement of the measurement frame 21 in the Z directions, aremounted between the columns 105A, 105B and the measurement frame 21. Inaddition, a Y axis sensor 106Y, which measures the displacement of themeasurement frame 21 in the Y directions, and a Z axis sensor 106ZC,which measures the displacement of the measurement frame 21 in the Zdirections, are mounted between the column 105C and the measurementframe 21. An interferometer, an electrostatic capacitance typedisplacement sensor, an eddy current type displacement sensor, or thelike can be used for each of the six axial sensors 106XA-106ZC. The sixaxial sensors 106XA-106ZC measure the displacement of the measurementframe 21, the floor surface of which serves as a reference, in sixdegrees of freedom, i.e., in the X, the Y, the Z, the θx, the θy, andthe θz directions, with high precision and at a prescribed samplingrate; furthermore, the measurement values are supplied to a control unit108.

In addition, X axis actuators 107XA, 107XB, which displace themeasurement frame 21 in the X directions, are mounted between thecolumns 105A, 105B and the measurement frame 21, respectively; inaddition, Z axis actuators 107ZA, 107ZB, which displace the measurementframe 21 in the Z directions, are mounted between the columns 105A, 105Band the measurement frame 21, respectively. Furthermore, a Y axisactuator 107Y, which displaces the measurement frame 21 in the Ydirections, and a Z axis actuator 107ZC, which displaces the measurementframe 21 in the Z directions, are mounted between the column 105C andthe measurement frame 21. For example, a voice coil motor can be usedfor each of the six axial noncontactual type actuators 107XA, 107XB,107Y, 107ZA-107ZC, but it is otherwise also possible to use, forexample, EI core type electromagnetic actuators. The six axial actuators107XA-107ZC can control the displacement of the measurement frame 21with respect to the floor surface with six degrees of freedom. Under thecontrol of the main control apparatus 20 (FIG. 7), the control unit 108uses a servo system to drive the six axial actuators 107XA-107ZC basedon the measurement values of the six axial sensors 106XA-106ZC duringthe performance of a scanning exposure so that the displacement of themeasurement frame 21 with respect to the floor surface in six degrees offreedom falls within a prescribed permissible range. Furthermore, themain frame (not shown) that holds the projection unit PU may be used asthe reference for measuring and controlling the displacement of themeasurement frame 21.

Referring to FIG. 1, when the exposure apparatus 100 is operated, highlypurified, temperature stabilized gas (e.g., dry air) is supplied in adownflow at a prescribed flow rate via ventilation ports 6A, 6B in theceiling of the chamber (not shown) wherein the exposure apparatus 100 ishoused, as indicated by arrows 7A, 7B. Part of the supplied gas isrecovered via a recovery port (not shown), which is provided in thefloor FL, after which the gas passes through a dust filter and atemperature control unit, and then once again returns to the interior ofthe chamber via the ventilation ports 6A, 6B. At this time, numerousopenings 25 are formed with a prescribed pitch in the X directions andthe Y directions over substantially the entire surface of the area thatsurrounds the projection unit PU of the measurement frame 21, as shownin FIG. 3, so that the gas flows smoothly in a downflow inside thechamber. Thereby, the temperature stability and the like of the wafer Won the wafer stage WST is improved.

Next, referring to FIG. 4, the head units 62A, 62C comprise a pluralityof Y heads 64 (here, six for each head unit) that are disposed on the +Xside and the X side of the projection unit PU in the X directions atprescribed intervals along a straight line LH that passes through theoptical axis AX of the projection optical system PL and is parallel tothe X axis. The Y heads 64 measure the position (the Y position) of thewafer stage WST (the wafer table WTB) in the Y directions using the Yscales 39Y₁, 39Y₂ (FIG. 5A) discussed above. In addition, the head units62B, 62D comprise a plurality of X heads 66 (here, seven and eleven;however, in FIG. 4, three of the eleven are overlapped by the primaryalignment system AL1 and are therefore not shown) that are disposed onthe +Y side and the −Y side of the projection unit PU in the Ydirections substantially at prescribed intervals along the straight lineLV that passes through the optical axis AX and is parallel to the Yaxis. The X heads 66 measure the position (X position) of the waferstage WST (the wafer table WTB) in the X directions using the X scales39X₁, 39X₂ (FIG. 5A) discussed above.

Accordingly, the head units 62A, 62C in FIG. 4 comprise multilens (here,six-lens) Y axis linear encoders (hereinbelow, properly abbreviated as“Y encoders”) 70A, 70C (refer to FIG. 7) that measure the Y position ofthe wafer stage WST (the wafer table WTB) using the Y scales 39Y₁, 39Y₂(FIG. 5A). The Y encoders 70A, 70C comprise switching control units70Aa, 70Ca that switch among the measurement values of the plurality ofY heads 64 (discussed in detail later). Here, the spacing betweenadjacent Y heads 64 (i.e., between the measurement beams radiated fromthe Y heads 64) that constitute the head units 62A, 62C is set narrowerthan the widths (more precisely, the lengths of the grating lines 38) ofthe Y scales 39Y₁, 39Y₂ (discussed above) in the X directions. Inaddition, the Y heads 64 and the X heads 66—of the pluralities of Yheads 64 and X heads 66 that constitute the head units 62A-62D—that arepositioned most on the inner side are disposed as close as possible tothe optical axis AX, and are therefore fixed to the measurement frame 21at the lower end part of the lens barrel 40 of the projection opticalsystem PL (more precisely, the lateral sides of the nozzle unit 32 thatsurrounds the objective 191).

In addition, the head units 62B, 62D basically comprise multilens (here,seven and eleven lenses, respectively) X axis linear encoders(hereinbelow, properly abbreviated as “X encoders”) 70B, 70D (refer toFIG. 7) that measure the X position of the wafer stage WST (the wafertable WTB) using the X scales 39X₁, 39X₂ discussed above. The X encoders70B, 70D comprise switching control units 70Ba, 70Da that switch amongthe measurement values of the plurality of X heads 66 (discussed indetail later). Furthermore, in the present embodiment, there is a casewherein two of the eleven X heads 66 that constitute the head unit 62Dsimultaneously oppose the X scales 39X₁, 39X₂ when, for example,alignment is performed (discussed below). In such a case, the X scales39X₁, 39X₂ and the opposing X heads 66 constitute the X linear encoders70B, 70D.

The spacing between adjacent X heads 66 (measurement beams) thatconstitute the head units 62B, 62D is set narrower than the widths (moreprecisely, the lengths of the grating lines 37) of the X scales 39X₁,39X₂ in the Y directions (discussed above).

Furthermore, Y heads 64 y ₁, 64 y ₂, wherein detection points aredisposed so that they are substantially symmetric with respect to thedetection centers, are provided on the −X side of the secondaryalignment system AL2 ₁ and the +X side of the secondary alignment systemAL2 ₄, respectively, (FIG. 4) along a straight line that is parallel tothe X axis through which the detection center of the primary alignmentsystem AL1 passes. The spacing between the Y heads 64 y ₁, 64 y ₂ is setso that it is substantially equal to a distance L (the spacing of thereference gratings 52 (FIG. 6(A) in the Y directions). The heads 64 y ₁,64 y ₂ are configured so that they oppose the Y scales 39Y₂, 39Y₁,respectively, in the state wherein the center of the wafer W on thewafer stage WST is on the straight line LV, as shown in FIG. 4. When,for example, the alignment operation discussed below is performed, the Yscales 39Y₂, 39Y₁ are disposed opposing the Y heads 64 y ₁, 64 y ₂,respectively, and the Y heads 64 y ₁, 64 y ₂ (i.e., the Y encoders 70C,70A, including the Y heads 64 y ₁, 64 y ₂) measure the Y position (andthe angle in the θz directions) of the wafer stage WST.

In addition, in the present embodiment, the pair of reference gratings52 of the CD bar 46 (FIG. 6A) and the Y heads 64 y ₁, 64 y ₂ oppose oneanother when, for example, the secondary alignment systems performbaseline measurement (discussed below); furthermore, the referencegratings 52, which oppose the Y heads 64 y ₁, 64 y ₂, measure the Yposition of the CD bar 46 at the positions of the reference gratings 52.Hereinbelow, the linear encoders that comprise the Y heads 64 y ₁, 64 y₂, which oppose the reference gratings 52, are called Y encoders 70E,70F (refer to FIG. 7).

The measurement values of the six encoders 70A-70F discussed above aresupplied to the main control apparatus 20, which controls the positionof the wafer table WTB within the XY plane based on the measurementvalues of the encoders 70A-70D and controls the rotation of the CD bar46 in the θz directions based on the measurement values of the Yencoders 70E, 70F.

The exposure apparatus 100 of the present embodiment is provided with anoblique incidence type multipoint focal point position detection system(hereinbelow, abbreviated as the “multipoint AF system”) that comprisesa radiating system 90 a and a light receiving system 90 b as shown inFIG. 4 and is configured the same as that disclosed in, for example,Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. H06-283403(corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 5,448,332). In one example of the presentembodiment, the radiating system 90 a is disposed on the −Y side of the−X end part of the head unit 62C discussed above, and the lightreceiving system 90 b is disposed on the −Y side of the +X end part ofthe head unit 62A discussed above in the state wherein it is opposed tothe radiating system 90 a.

The multiple detection points of the multipoint AF system (90 a, 90 b)in FIG. 4 are disposed on a surface to be inspected at prescribedintervals in the X directions. In the present embodiment, the detectionpoints are disposed in a row matrix of, for example, 1 row by M columns(wherein M is the total number of detection points) or a matrix of 2rows by N columns (wherein N is one half of the total number ofdetection points). In FIG. 4, the multiple detection points, each ofwhich is irradiated by a detection beam, are not individually shown, butare rather shown as a long and thin detection area AF that extends inthe X directions and is disposed between the radiating system 90 a andthe light receiving system 90 b. The detection area AF is defined sothat its length in the X directions is on the same order as the diameterof the wafer W, which makes it possible to measure the position (surfaceposition) of substantially the entire surface of the wafer W in the Zdirections with just a single scan of the wafer W in the Y directions.In addition, because the detection area AF is disposed between theimmersion area 14 (the exposure area IA) discussed above and thedetection areas of the alignment systems (AL1, AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄) with respectto the Y directions, it is possible to perform the detection operationsin parallel by using the multipoint AF system and the alignment systems.The multipoint AF system may be provided to, for example, the main framethat holds the projection unit PU; however, in the present embodiment,it is provided to the measurement frame discussed above.

Furthermore, the multiple detection points are arranged in a matrix of 1row by M columns or 2 rows by N columns, but the number of rows and/orthe number of columns is not limited thereto. However, if the number ofrows is two or greater, then it is preferable to offset the positions ofthe detection points in the X directions for the different rows.Furthermore, the multiple detection points are disposed in the Xdirections, but the present invention is not limited thereto; forexample, all or part of the multiple detection points may be disposed atdifferent positions in the Y directions.

The exposure apparatus 100 of the present embodiment is provided withtwo pairs of surface position sensors 72 a, 72 b and 72 c, 72 d for Zpositional measurement (hereinbelow, abbreviated as “Z sensors”) thatare disposed symmetrically with respect to the straight line LVdiscussed above and are provided in the vicinity of the detection pointsof the plurality of detection points of the multipoint AF systems (90 a,90 b) that are positioned on both ends thereof, i.e., in the vicinitiesof both end parts of the detection area AR The Z sensors 72 a-72 d arefixed to, for example, the lower surface of the measurement frame 21 inFIG. 3. Examples of sensors that can be used for each of the Z sensors72 a-72 d include: a sensor that radiates light to the wafer table WTBfrom above, receives the light reflected thereby, and measures theposition of the front surface of the wafer table WTB in the Zdirections, which are orthogonal to the XY plane, at the irradiationpoint of that light; and an optical displacement sensor (CD pickup typesensor) that is configured as an optical pickup that is used in, forexample, a CD drive apparatus. Furthermore, the Z sensors 72 a-72 d maybe provided to, for example, the main frame of the projection unit PUdiscussed above.

Furthermore, the head unit 62C discussed above comprises multiple (here,six on each side with a total of twelve) Z sensors 74 _(i,j) (i=1, 2 andj=1, 2, . . . , 6) that are positioned on one side and another side ofthe straight line LH, which connects the multiple Y heads 64, so thatthe straight line LH is interposed therebetween in the X directions, andare disposed at prescribed intervals along two straight lines that areparallel to the straight line LH. In this case, the Z sensors 74 _(1,j),74 _(2,j) that form pairs are disposed so that they are symmetric withrespect to the abovementioned straight line LH. Furthermore, multiplepairs (here, six pairs) of the Z sensors 74 _(1j), 74 ₂; and themultiple Y heads 64 are disposed alternately in the X directions.Similar to the Z sensors 72 a-72 d discussed above, sensors that areused for each of the Z sensors 74 _(i,j) include, for example, CD pickuptype sensors.

Here, the spacing between each pair of the Z sensors 74 _(1,j), 74_(2,j), which is positioned so that the corresponding sensors aresymmetric with respect to the straight line LH, is set so that it isequal to the spacing of the Z sensors 72 c, 72 d. In addition, the pairof Z sensors 74 _(1,4), 74 _(2,4) is positioned along a straight linethat is parallel to the Y directions and is the same line along whichthe Z sensors 72 a, 72 b are positioned.

In addition, the head unit 62A discussed above comprises multiple (here,twelve) Z sensors 76 _(p,q) (p=1, 2 and q=1, 2, . . . , 6), which aredisposed symmetrically to the multiple Z sensors 74 discussed above withrespect to the straight line LV discussed above. Similar to the Zsensors 72 a-72 d discussed above, sensors that are used for the Zsensors 76 _(p,q) include, for example, CD pickup type sensors. Inaddition, the pair of Z sensors 76 _(1,3), 76 _(2,3) is positioned alonga straight line in the Y directions that is the same line along whichthe Z sensors 72 c, 72 d are positioned. The Z sensors 74 _(i,j) and 76_(p,q) are fixed to the bottom surface of the measurement frame 21.

Furthermore, in FIG. 4, the measurement stage MST is not shown and theimmersion area 14, which is formed from the water Lq that is heldbetween the measurement stage MST and the objective 191, is shown. Inaddition, in FIG. 4, a symbol 78 indicates a local air conditioningsystem that ventilates dry air, the temperature of which has beenadjusted to a prescribed temperature, to the vicinity of the beam pathof the multipoint AF system (90 a, 90 b) in, for example a downflow asshown by the outline arrows in FIG. 4. In addition, a symbol UPindicates an unload position at which the wafer on the wafer table WTBis unloaded, and a symbol LP indicates a load position at which thewafer on the wafer table WTB is loaded. In the present embodiment, theunload position UP and the loading position LP are set so that they aresymmetric with respect to the straight line LV. Furthermore, the unloadposition UP and the loading position LP may be one and the sameposition.

FIG. 7 shows the principal components of the control system of theexposure apparatus 100. This control system principally comprises themain control apparatus 20, which comprises a microcomputer (or aworkstation) that performs supervisory control of the entire apparatus.Furthermore, in FIG. 7, the various sensors that are provided to themeasurement stage MST—e.g., the illumination intensity nonuniformitysensor 94, the aerial image measuring instrument 96, and the wavefrontaberration measuring instrument 98, which are discussed above—areindicated collectively as a sensor group 9.

The exposure apparatus 100 of the present embodiment, which isconfigured as discussed above, adopts the arrangement of the X scalesand the Y scales on the wafer table WTB as discussed above and thearrangement of the X heads and the Y heads as discussed above, andtherefore—within the effective stroke range of the wafer stage WST(i.e., in the present embodiment, the range of movement needed toperform alignment and the exposure operation)—the X scales 39X₁, 39X₂and the head units 62B, 62D (the X heads 66) necessarily oppose oneanother, and the Y scales 39Y₁, 39Y₂ and the head units 62A, 62C (the Yheads 64) or the Y heads 64 y ₁, 64 y ₂ necessarily oppose one another,as exemplified in FIG. 8A, FIG. 8B, and the like. Furthermore, in FIG.8A and FIG. 8B, the heads that oppose the corresponding X scales and Yscales are enclosed by circles.

Consequently, the main control apparatus 20 can control the position(including the rotation in the θz directions) of the wafer stageWST—within the effective stroke range of the wafer stage WST discussedabove—in the XY plane with high precision by controlling each of themotors that constitute the stage drive system 124 based on at leastthree measurement values of the encoders 70A-70D. Because the effects ofair turbulence on the measurement values of the encoders 70A-70D aresmaller than on the interferometers to the extent that such effects canbe ignored, the short-term stability of the measurement values, which isaffected by air turbulence, is remarkably better than that of theinterferometers. Furthermore, in the present embodiment, the sizes(e.g., the number of heads and/or the spacing) of the head units 62B,62D, 62A, 62C are set in accordance with, for example, the effectivestroke range of the wafer stage WST and the sizes of the scales (i.e.,the range over which the diffraction gratings are formed). Accordingly,the four scales 39X₁, 39X₂, 39Y₁, 39Y₂ oppose all of the head units 62B,62D, 62A, 62C within the effective stroke range of the wafer stage WST,but the four scales do not necessarily have to oppose all of thecorresponding head units. For example, one of the X scales 39X₁, 39X₂and/or one of the Y scales 39Y₁, 39Y₂ may shift from the head units. Ifone of the X scales 39X₁, 39X₂ or one of the Y scales 39Y₁, 39Y₂ shiftsfrom the head units, then three scales oppose the head units within theeffective stroke range of the wafer stage WST, and therefore it ispossible to continuously measure the position of the wafer stage WST inthe X axial, the Y axial, and the θz directions. In addition, if one ofthe X scales 39X₁, 39X₂ and one of the Y scales 39Y₁, 39Y₂ shifts fromthe head units, then the two scales oppose the head units within theeffective stroke range of the wafer stage WST, and therefore theposition of the wafer stage WST in the θz directions cannot be measuredcontinuously, but the positions in the X and the Y directions can bemeasured continuously. In this case, the position of the wafer stage WSTmay be controlled by concomitantly using the position of the wafer stageWST in the θz directions measured by the interferometer system 118.

In addition, when the wafer stage WST is moved in the X directions asindicated by the outline arrow in FIG. 8A, each of the Y heads 64, whichmeasure the position of the wafer stage WST in the Y directions,sequentially shifts to measurement of the adjacent Y head 64 asindicated by the arrows e₁, e₂ in the drawing. For example, the Y head64 that is enclosed by the solid line circle shifts to measurement ofthe Y head 64 that is enclosed by the dotted line circle. Consequently,the switchover of the measurement values before and after the shift isperformed by the switching control units 70Aa, 70Ca inside the Yencoders 70A, 70C (FIG. 7). Namely, in order to shift the Y heads 64 andswitch over the measurement values smoothly in the present embodiment,the spacing between adjacent Y heads 64 that constitute the head units62A, 62C is set narrower than the widths of the Y scales 39Y₁, 39Y₂ inthe X directions, as discussed above.

In addition, in the present embodiment as discussed above, the spacingbetween adjacent X heads 66 that constitute the head units 62B, 62D isset narrower than the widths of the X scales 39X₁, 39X₂ (discussedabove) in the Y directions. Accordingly, the same as discussed above,when the wafer stage WST is moved in the Y directions as indicated bythe outline arrow in FIG. 8B, each of the X heads 66, which measure theposition of the wafer stage WST in the X directions, sequentially shiftsto measurement of the adjacent X head 66 (e.g., the X head 66 that isenclosed by the solid line circle shifts to measurement of the X head 66that is enclosed by the dotted line circle), and the switchover ofmeasurement values before and after that shift is performed by theswitching control units 70Ba, 70Da inside the X encoders 70B, 70D (FIG.7).

Next, the configuration of the Y heads 64 and the X heads 66 of theencoders 70A-70F will be explained, taking the Y encoder 70A, anenlarged view of which is shown in FIG. 9A, as a representative example,FIG. 9A shows one of the Y heads 64 of the head unit 62A that radiates adetection beam (measurement beam) to the Y scale 39Y₁.

The Y head 64 largely comprises three portions: a radiating system 64 a;an optical system 64 b; and a light receiving system 64 c. The radiatingsystem 64 a includes: a light source, e.g., a semiconductor laser LD,that emits a laser beam LB in a direction that is at an angle of 45°with respect to the Y axis and the Z axis; and a lens L1, which isdisposed in the optical path of the laser beam LB that is emitted fromthe semiconductor laser LD. The optical system 64 b comprises: apolarizing beam splitter PBS, the separation plane of which is parallelto the XZ plane; quarter-wave plates (hereinbelow, denoted as “λ/4plates”) WP 1 a, WP1 b; a pair of reflecting mirrors R1 a, R1 b; lensesL2 a, L2 b; and reflecting mirrors R2 a, R2 b.

The light receiving system 64 c comprises a polarizer (an analyzer) anda photodetector. In the Y head 64 of the Y encoder 70A, the laser beamLB that is emitted from the semiconductor laser LD travels through thelens L1 and impinges the polarizing beam splitter PBS, upon which it ispolarized and split into two beams LB₁, LB₂. The beam LB₁, whichtransmits through the polarizing beam splitter PBS, travels via thereflecting mirror R1 a and reaches a reflecting diffraction grating RGthat is formed in the Y scale 39Y₁; furthermore, the beam LB₂ that isreflected by the polarizing beam splitter PBS travels via the reflectingmirror R1 b and reaches the reflecting diffraction grating RG.Furthermore, polarization and splitting herein means the splitting ofthe incident beam into a P polarized light component and an S polarizedlight component.

Diffraction beams of a prescribed order (e.g., ±1st order diffractionbeams), which are generated by the diffraction grating RG as a result ofthe radiation of the beams LB₁, LB₂, travel via the lenses L2 b, L2 a,are converted to circularly polarized beams by the λ/4 plates WP1 b, WP1a, are reflected by the reflecting mirrors R2 b, R2 a, once again passthrough the V4 plates WP1 b, WP1 a, and reach the polarizing beamsplitter PBS by tracing the same optical path as the forward path, butin the reverse direction. Each of the two beams that reach thepolarizing beam splitter PBS have a polarized light direction that isrotated by 90° with respect to the original direction. Consequently, the1st order diffraction beam of the beam LB₁, which previously transmittedthrough the polarizing beam splitter PBS, is reflected by the polarizingbeam splitter PBS and enters the light receiving system 64 c; inaddition, the 1st order diffraction beam of the beam LB₂, which waspreviously reflected by the polarizing beam splitter PBS, transmitsthrough the polarizing beam splitter PBS, is combined coaxially with the−1st order diffraction beam of the beam LB₁, and enters the lightreceiving system 64 c. Furthermore, inside the light receiving system 64c, the analyzers align the polarization directions of the abovementionedtwo ±1st order diffraction beams that interfere and thereby forminterference light that is detected by the photodetectors, which thenconvert the intensity of the interference light to an electrical signal.

Furthermore, for example, an optical system that splits and combines thebeams LB₁, LB₂ may be added to form a first interference light, a secondinterference light may be generated with a phase that differs by 90°from the first interference light, and the interference light thereofmay be photoelectrically converted so as to generate an electricalsignal. In this case, measurement resolving power can be increased byusing a two phase electrical signal, wherein the phases differ by 90°,to generate measurement pulses that subdivide one-half the period(pitch) of the Y scale 39Y₁ into, for example, at least 100 to 1000parts.

As can be understood from the explanation above, with the Y encoder 70A,the lengths of the optical paths of the two beams that are caused tointerfere with one another are extremely short and substantially equal,and therefore it is possible to virtually ignore the effects of airturbulence. Furthermore, when the Y scale 39Y₁ (i.e., the wafer stageWST) moves in either of the measurement directions (in this case, the Ydirections), the phase of each of the beams changes, and the intensityof the interference light changes. The light receiving system 64 cdetects the change in the intensity of the interference light, and thepositional information that corresponds to that intensity change isoutput as the measurement value of the Y encoder 70A. The other encoders70B, 70C, 70D are configured similar to the Y encoder 70A. Each of theencoders has a resolving power of, for example, approximately 0.1 nm.Furthermore, with each of the encoders of the present embodiment, thelaser beam LB, which has a cross sectional shape that extends lengthwisein the directions of periodicity of the grating RG may be used as thedetection beam, as shown in FIG. 9B. FIG. 9B is a view wherein the sizeof the beam LB is exaggerated with respect to the grating RG.

The following explains one example of an operation wherein the positionof the wafer stage WST in the exposure apparatus 100 of the presentembodiment and is measured and an exposure is performed, referencing theflow chart in FIG. 11. First, in step 201 of FIG. 11, the plurality ofthe encoder heads (the X heads 66 and the Y heads 64) of the X axis andY axis head units 62A-62D as well as the Y axis interferometers 16, 18and the X axis interferometers 126, 130, which are optical systems ofthe multiaxis interferometers for wafer measurement, are mounted to themeasurement frame 21 of FIG. 3. In step 202, which is the next step, themeasurement frame 21 is suspended from the suspending members 22A-22C ofFIG. 3 via the vibration isolating members 23A-23C. Subsequently, thetip part of the projection unit PU is passed through the opening 21 a ofthe measurement frame 21, and the liquid immersion mechanism thatincludes the nozzle unit 32 is attached.

In step 203, which is the next step, the plate 28, wherein the X axisand Y axis scales 39X₁, 39X₂, 39Y₁, 39Y₂ of FIG. 5A are formed, isinstalled on the wafer table WTB, the wafer stage WST is assembled andadjusted, and the six axial sensors 106XA-106ZC (the displacementsensors) and the six axial actuators 107XA-107ZC shown in FIG. 3 aremounted to the measurement frame 21. The operations of the steps 201-203up to this point are performed in a clean room when, for example, theexposure apparatus 100 is assembled and adjusted. After the assembly andadjustment are complete, the exposure apparatus 100 is housed inside aprescribed chamber.

Next, in step 204 of FIG. 11, when the operation of the exposureapparatus 100 is started, a downflow of clean gas is started inside thechamber, wherein the exposure apparatus is housed. In step 205, which isthe next step, the sensors 106XA-106ZC of FIG. 3 measure thedisplacement of the measurement frame in six degrees of freedom withrespect to the columns 105A-105C (the floor surface), and the actuators107XA-107ZC are used to bring that displacement to within thepermissible range. In step 206, which is the next step, the wafer stageWST is moved at low speed, the X heads 66 and the Y heads 64 (theencoder heads) as well as the Y axis interferometer 16 and the X axisinterferometer 126 of the wafer interferometer measure the amount ofmovement of the wafer stage WST with respect to the measurement frame 21(the projection optical system PL), and the measurement values of the Xheads 66 and the Y heads 64 (the head units 62A-62D) are calibratedbased on the measurement results. This calibration will now be explainedin detail.

Namely, the scales of the encoders lack long-term mechanical stabilitybecause, for example, the diffraction gratings deform with the passageof usage time or as a result of thermal expansion and the like, andbecause the pitch of the diffraction grating varies partially oroverall. Consequently, because the error included in each measurementvalue increases with the passage of usage time, it is necessary tocompensate for it. In this case, the Y axis interferometer 16 and the Xaxis interferometer 126 of FIG. 2 can measure the Y position and the Xposition of the wafer table WTB without Abbé error.

Accordingly, using a speed that is low enough to ignore short-termfluctuations of the measurement values of the Y axis interferometer 16caused by interferometer turbulence and while maintaining themeasurement values of the X axis interferometer 126 at a prescribedvalue, the wafer stage WST is moved in the +Y direction (over theeffective stroke range discussed above) while the amount of pitching,the amount of rolling, and the amount of yawing (which are determinedbased on the measurement values of the Y axis interferometer 16 and theZ sensors 74 _(1,4), 74 _(2,4), 76 _(1,3), 76 _(2,3) of FIG. 4) aremaintained at zero, e.g., until the other ends (−Y side ends) of the Yscales 39Y₁, 39Y₂ coincide with the corresponding head units 62A, 62C.During this movement, the main control apparatus 20 captures themeasurement values of the Y linear encoder 70A, 70C and the measurementvalues of the Y axis interferometer 16 (FIG. 7) at prescribed samplingintervals and derives the relationships between the measurement valuesof the Y linear encoders 70A, 70C and the measurement values of the Yaxis interferometer 16 based on those captured measurement values. Basedon these relationships, errors in the measurement values of the Y linearencoders 70A, 70C can be corrected.

Similarly, errors in the measurement values of the X linear encoders70B, 70D (the head units 62B, 62D) can be corrected using the X axisinterferometer 126.

Next, in step 207 of FIG. 11, the measurement values of the Y heads 64and the X heads 66 (the encoder heads) of the plurality of X axis and Yaxis head units 62A-62D are switched over, the position and the speed ofthe wafer stage WST are controlled while measuring the coordinates ofthe wafer stage WST, alignment is performed, and the wafer is exposed.Subsequently, in step 208, the reticle is exchanged, etc., and theoperation of the next process is performed.

Specifically, the wafer alignment in step 207, which is performed by theexposure apparatus 100 of the present embodiment, will now be explainedsimply, referencing FIG. 10A through FIG. 10C.

Here, using the layout (shot map) shown in FIG. 10C, the operation willbe explained for the case wherein a plurality of shot regions are formedon the wafer W, and sixteen colored shot regions AS thereof are assignedas the alignment shots.

Furthermore, the measurement stage MST is not shown in FIG. 10A and FIG.10B.

At this time, for each of the alignment systems AL1, AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄ in FIG.4, a baseline quantity (the positional relationship between thecoordinates of the detection center and the reference position of theimage of the pattern of the reticle R in FIG. 1) is derived in advanceby using the relevant alignment system to measure the coordinates of thecorresponding fiducial mark M on the CD bar 46 on the measurement stageMST side in FIG. 6A and is stored in the alignment calculation system 20a in FIG. 7. In addition, it is assumed that the secondary alignmentsystems AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄ perform positional adjustment in the X directions inadvance in accordance with the layout of the alignment shots AS.

First, the main control apparatus 20 moves the wafer stage WST, whereonthe center of the wafer W is positioned at the loading position LP, tothe left and diagonally upward in FIG. 10A so that the wafer stage WSTis positioned at a prescribed position (an alignment start position,which is discussed below) at which the center of the wafer W ispositioned along the straight line LV. In this case, the main controlapparatus 20 drives the various motors of the stage drive system 124based on the measurement values of the X encoder 70D and the measurementvalues of the Y axis interferometer 16 in order to move the wafer stageWST. In this state wherein it is positioned at the alignment startposition, the position (including the θz rotation) of the wafer tableWTB, whereon the wafer W is mounted, within the XY plane is controlledbased on the measurement values of the four encoders, i.e., the two Xheads 66, which constitute the head unit 62D that opposes the X scales39X₁, 39X₂, and the two Y heads 64 y ₂, 64 y ₁ that oppose the Y scales39Y₁, 39Y₂, (FIG. 4).

Next, based on the measurement values of the abovementioned fourencoders, the main control apparatus 20 moves the wafer stage WST by aprescribed distance in the +Y direction so that it is positioned at theposition shown in FIG. 10A, uses the primary alignment system AL1 andthe secondary alignment systems AL2 ₂, AL2 ₃ to substantiallysimultaneously, or separately, detect the alignment marks that areprovided to the three first alignment shots AS (refer to the starsymbols in FIG. 10A), and supplies the detection results of theabovementioned three alignment systems AL1, AL2 ₂, AL2 ₃ and themeasurement values of the abovementioned four encoders at the time ofthose detections to the alignment calculation system 20 a so that theyare associated. Furthermore, the secondary alignment systems AL2 ₁, AL2₄ on both ends, which do not detect alignment marks at this time, mayeither radiate or not radiate detection beams to the wafer table WTB (orthe wafer). In addition, when wafer alignment is performed in thepresent embodiment, the wafer stage WST is set to a position in the Xdirections such that the primary alignment system AL1 is disposed alongthe center line of the wafer table WTB, and the primary alignment systemAL1 detects the alignment mark of the alignment shot that is positionedalong the centerline of the wafer. Furthermore, an alignment mark may beformed inside each of the shot regions on the wafer W; however, in thepresent embodiment, alignment marks are formed outside of each shotregion, i.e., on street-lines (scribe lines) that partition the numerousshot regions of the wafer W.

Next, the main control apparatus 20 moves the wafer stage WST by aprescribed distance in the +Y direction based on the measurement valuesof the abovementioned four encoders so as to position the wafer stageWST at a position at which the five alignment systems AL1, AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄can detect substantially simultaneously, or separately, the alignmentmarks that are provided to the five second alignment shots AS on thewafer W, uses the five alignment systems AL1, AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄ to detect thefive alignment marks substantially simultaneously, or separately, andsupplies the detection results of the abovementioned five alignmentsystems AL1, AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄ and the measurement values of theabovementioned four encoders at the time of that detection to thealignment calculation system 20 a so that they are associated.

Next, the main control apparatus 20 moves the wafer stage WST by aprescribed distance in the +Y direction based on the measurement valuesof the abovementioned four encoders so as to position the wafer stageWST at a position at which the five alignment systems AL1, AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄can detect substantially simultaneously, or separately, the alignmentmarks that are provided to the five third alignment shots AS on thewafer W, uses the five alignment systems AL1, AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄ to detect thefive alignment marks (refer to the star symbols in FIG. 10Bsubstantially simultaneously, or separately, and supplies the detectionresults of the abovementioned five alignment systems AL1, AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄and the measurement values of the abovementioned four encoders at thetime of that detection to the alignment calculation system 20 a so thatthey are associated.

Next, the main control apparatus 20 moves the wafer stage WST by aprescribed distance in the +Y direction based on the measurement valuesof the abovementioned four encoders so as to position the wafer stageWST at a position at which the primary alignment systems AL1 and thesecondary alignment systems AL2 ₂-AL2 ₃ can detect substantiallysimultaneously, or separately, the alignment marks that are provided tothe three first alignment shots AS on the wafer W, uses the threealignment systems AL1, AL2 ₂-AL2 ₃ to detect the three alignment markssubstantially simultaneously, or separately, and supplies the detectionresults of the abovementioned three alignment systems AL1, AL2 ₂-AL2 ₃and the measurement values of the abovementioned four encoders at thetime of that detection to the alignment calculation system 20 a so thatthey are associated.

Furthermore, the alignment calculation system 20 a uses the results ofdetecting the total of sixteen alignment marks obtained in this manner,the measurement values of the corresponding four encoders, and thebaseline value of the primary alignment system AL1 and the secondaryalignment system AL2 _(n) to perform EGA statistical calculation, asdisclosed in, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent ApplicationPublication No. S61-44429 (corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 4,780,617), andcalculates the layout of all of the shot regions on the wafer W within astage coordinate system (e.g., an XY coordinate system wherein theoptical axis AX of the projection optical system PL is the origin)defined by the measurement axes of the abovementioned four encoders (thefour head units).

Thus, with the present embodiment, the wafer stage WST is moved in the+Y direction and is positioned at four locations along the movementpathway thereof, which makes it possible to obtain the position of thealignment mark of each of the sixteen alignment shots AS in a muchshorter time period compared with the case wherein the sixteen alignmentmarks are sequentially detected using a single alignment system. In thiscase, it is particularly easy to see by examining, for example, thealignment systems AL1, AL2 ₂, AL2 ₃ that the alignment systems AL1, AL2₂, AL2 ₃ detect the plurality of the alignment marks, which are arrayedalong the Y directions and disposed sequentially within the detectionareas (e.g., corresponding to the irradiation areas of the detectionbeams), in connection with the abovementioned operation wherein thewafer stage WST is moved. Consequently, when the abovementionedalignment marks are measured, it is not necessary to move the waferstage WST in the X directions, which makes it possible to performalignment efficiently.

Next, under the control of the main control apparatus 20, a liquidimmersion method and a step-and-scan method are used to expose all ofthe shot regions on the wafer W with the image of the pattern of thereticle R by using the measurement values of the head units 62A-62D (theencoders 70A-70D), which are based on the array coordinates, suppliedfrom the alignment calculation system 20 a to drive the wafer stage WST.

The operation and effects of the present embodiment are as describedbelow.

(1) The measuring method that is performed by the exposure apparatus 100in FIG. 1 measures the displacement of the wafer stage WST by detectingthe scales 39X₁, 39X₂, 39Y₁, 39Y₂, which are provided to the wafer stageWST (movable member), using the plurality of X heads 66 and Y heads 64,and comprises: a step 201, wherein the plurality of X heads 66 and Yheads 64 are supported by the measurement frame 21 that has a linearthermal expansion coefficient that is smaller than that of the main bodypart—excepting the plate 28 wherein the scale 39X₃ and the like of thewafer stage WST are formed; and a step 207 that measures thedisplacement of the wafer stage WST based on the detection results ofthe plurality of X heads 66 and Y heads 64.

In addition, the exposure apparatus 100 radiates the illumination lightIL (exposure light) to the wafer W, which is held by the moveable waferstage WST, forms the prescribed pattern on the wafer W, and comprises:the scales 39X₃, 39Y₁, and the like; the plurality of X heads 66 and Yheads 64, which detect the positions of the scales; the measurementframe 21, which integrally supports the plurality of X heads 66 and Yheads 64; and the switching control units 70Aa-70Da, which are disposedinside the encoders 70A-70D, that derive the displacement of the waferstage WST based on the detection results of the plurality of X heads 66and Y heads 64.

Accordingly, the X heads 66 and the Y heads 64 are used to detect thescales that are provided to the wafer stage WST, and consequently thereis no need to provide optical paths with lengths that are on the sameorder as the stroke of the movable member as in the case of a laserinterferometer, and it is possible to mitigate the effects offluctuations in the refractive index of the ambient gas. In addition, ifthe scale 39X₁ deviates from the detection target area of one of the Xheads 66, measurement can proceed by switching to another X head 66 thatis capable of detecting the scale 39X₁. At this time, the coefficient oflinear thermal expansion of the measurement frame 21 is smaller thanthat of the main body part of the wafer stage WST; consequently, even ifthe ambient temperature fluctuates, fluctuations in the positionalrelationships among the multiple X heads 66 are prevented, and it ispossible to reduce measurement error when switching between the X heads66. Accordingly, the positioning accuracy of the wafer stage WST and theoverlay accuracy of the exposure apparatus are improved.

(2) In addition, the measurement frame 21 is formed from a material thathas a coefficient of linear thermal expansion that is smaller than thatof Invar. Accordingly, even if temperature of the measurement frame 21varies to a certain extent, measurement error is kept small.Furthermore, the measurement frame 21 may be configured so that themultiple blocks are coupled by, for example, screw threads.

(3) In addition, a step 202 is executed, wherein the measurement frame21 is supported via the vibration isolating members 23A-23C so that itis vibrationally isolated with respect to the floor surface and, inturn, the base plate 12, which comprises the guide surface of the waferstage WST. Accordingly, measurement error does not occur in the X heads66 or the Y heads 64 as a result of the impact of vibrations generatedwhen the wafer stage WST is moved.

(4) In addition, a step 205 is executed, wherein the sensors 106XA-106ZCand the actuators 107XA-107ZC (FIG. 3) are used to prevent thedisplacement of the measurement frame 21 with respect to the floorsurface and, in turn, the base plate 12, which comprises the guidesurface of the wafer stage WST. Accordingly, even though the measurementframe 21 is supported via the vibration isolating members, the positionsof the X heads 66 and the Y heads 64 are maintained stably, whichimproves measurement accuracy.

(5) In addition, a step 206 is executed, wherein the Y axisinterferometer 16 and the X axis interferometer 126, which are at leastpart of the optical members of the wafer interferometer, are provided tothe measurement frame 21 and measure the displacement of the wafer stageWST with respect to the measurement frame 21 (the projection opticalsystem PL). Accordingly, it is possible to calibrate the measurementvalues that are produced by the Y heads 64 and the X heads 66 based onthe measurement values that are produced by the Y axis interferometer 16and the X axis interferometer 126.

(6) In addition, the scales 39X₁, 39Y₁ are periodic patterns in theshape of diffraction gratings; in addition, the X heads 66 and the Yheads 64 radiate detection beams to those periodic patterns and receivethe interference lights of the multiple diffracted lights (1st orderdiffracted lights) generated by those periodic patterns. Accordingly, inaddition to utilizing the short optical paths to mitigate the effects ofturbulence, the X heads 66 and the Y heads 64 can measure thedisplacement of the wafer stage WST with a resolving power (accuracy)that is on par with that of the laser interferometers.

Furthermore, an encoder that can also be used for each of the encoders70A-70D is a magnetic type linear encoder, which includes: a periodicmagnetic scale wherein magnetism generating bodies, the poles of whichreverse, are formed with a fine pitch; and a magnetic head that readsthe magnetic scale.

Second Embodiment

The following explains a second embodiment of the present invention,referencing FIG. 12. In the present embodiment, the X heads 66 and thelike (FIG. 1) are not directly supported by a measurement frame, butrather are supported by a member that is engaged with the measurementframe. Constituent components in FIG. 12 that correspond to those inFIG. 1 are assigned identical or similar symbols, and detaileddescriptions thereof are omitted or simplified.

FIG. 12 shows an exposure apparatus 100A of the present embodiment. InFIG. 12, instead of the measurement frame 21 in FIG. 1, a flatplate-shaped measurement frame 21M is supported via the vibrationisolating members 23A, 23B and the like so that it is suspended from thesuspending members 22A, 22B and the like. In addition, a base(hereinbelow, called “head base”) 26 for the flat plate-shaped encoderheads is vacuum chucked to the bottom surface of the measurement frame21M. Numerous openings (not shown), which are for passing the gas thatis supplied in a downflow therethrough, are formed in the measurementframe 21M and the head base 26 so that they have substantially the samepositional relationship within the XY plane. In addition, openings 21Ma,26 a, which the lower end part of the projection unit PU passes through,are formed in the measurement frame 21M and the head base 26,respectively.

Furthermore, the plurality of X heads 66, which constitute the headunits 62B, 62D (FIG. 4), and the plurality of Y heads 64 (not shown inFIG. 12), which constitute the head units 62A, 62C (FIG. 4), are fixedby a fixed member (not shown) to the bottom surface of the head base 26.The Y axis interferometers 16, 18 and the X axis interferometers 126,130 (FIG. 2) are also fixed to the bottom surface of the head base 26.Furthermore, all of the alignment systems AL1, AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄ (FIG. 4) maybe supported by the measurement frame 21M, and openings, wherethroughthe tip parts of the alignment systems AL1, AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄, pass, may beprovided to the head base 26. In addition, the optical system at atleast the tip part of each of the alignment systems AL1, AL2 ₁-AL2 ₄ maybe supported by the head base 26.

In addition, similar to that shown in FIG. 5A, the X scales 39X₁, 39X₂and the Y scales 39Y₁, 39Y₂ are also formed in the plate 28 of the waferstage WST (FIG. 12). The X heads 66 and the Y heads 64 (not shown) atthe bottom surface of the head base 26 (FIG. 12) detect the positions ofthe X scales 39X₁, 39X₂ and the Y scales 39Y₁, 39Y₂ and, in turn, theposition of the wafer stage WST (the wafer table WTB).

In FIG. 12, the head base 26 is formed from a material with acoefficient of linear thermal expansion that is smaller than that of themembers (the main body part of the wafer stage WST) of the wafer stageWST, excepting the plate 28 (wherein the scales 39Y₁, 39Y₂, 39X₁, 39X₂in FIG. 5A are formed); namely, the head base 26 is formed from amaterial with an extremely small coefficient of linear thermalexpansion. The material of the head base 26 is a low expansion glass ora low expansion glass ceramic, the same as that of the measurement frame21 (FIG. 1). The head base 26 has a small shape with a thickness that isfrom ten percent to several tens percent that of the measurement frame21M, which makes it possible to form the head base 26 easily using a lowexpansion glass or a low expansion glass ceramic.

Furthermore, the measurement frame 21M in FIG. 12 is formed from amaterial with a coefficient of linear thermal expansion that is largerthan that of head base 26, but less than that of a metal such as regulariron; for example, the measurement frame 21M is formed from Invar, whichhas a coefficient of linear thermal expansion of approximately 1×10⁻⁶/K.Using such a material makes it possible to form a large, integralmeasurement frame 21M easily. In addition, the same as in themeasurement frame 21 of FIG. 3, six axial sensors 106XA-106ZC and sixactuators 107XA-107ZC are provided to the measurement frame 21M, andthereby control can be performed so that the displacement with respectto the floor surface falls within the permissible range.

In addition, vacuum pads 111A, 111B and the like are provided to thebottom surface of the measurement frame 21M at a plurality of locations,and are connected to a chucking apparatus 110, which includes acompressor and a vacuum pump, via pipings 112A, 112B and the like. As aresult of the positive and negative pressure from the chucking apparatus110, the head base 26 is held to the bottom surface of the measurementframe 21M in the state wherein it can move smoothly within the XY plane(substantially the horizontal plane in the present embodiment) with avacuum primed aerostatic bearing system so that an air layer G with athickness of approximately several microns is interposed thereby.

However, in order to prevent the position of the head base 26 fromgradually changing, the head base 26 is coupled to the measurement frame21M in the state wherein it can be rotated by a bolt 109A at themeasurement reference position. Furthermore, a bolt 109B couples thehead base 26 to the measurement frame 21M via a long hole, which isformed in the head base 26, at a position at which the head base 26 issubstantially symmetric with respect to its reference position and theprojection optical system PL in the state wherein the head base 26 iscapable of relative movement in the directions along the straight linethat links the bolts 109A, 109B. Other aspects of the configuration arethe same as those in the first embodiment (FIG. 1).

In addition to the operation and effects of the first embodiment, thepresent embodiment achieves the following operation and effects.

(1) In the present embodiment, the plurality of the X heads 66 and thelike as well as the Y axis interferometers 16, 18 and the like aremounted to the bottom surface of the head base 26 in the step thatcorresponds to step 201 in FIG. 11. Furthermore, the head base 26 iscoupled to the measurement frame 21M (the base member), which has acoefficient of linear thermal expansion that is larger than that of thehead base 26, via the vacuum pads 111A, 111B and the like in the statewherein the head base 26 is capable of being displaced in directionsalong the front surface of the plate 28 (the X scales 39X₁, 39X₂ and thelike) of the wafer stage WST.

Accordingly, the measurement frame 21M and the head base 26 can beformed easily from a material that has a low coefficient of expansion.Furthermore, it is assumed that the lengths of the measurement frame 21Mand the head base 26 will differ as a result of slight temperaturevariations caused by differences in the coefficients of linear thermalexpansion thereof. Even in such a case, the head base 26 can bedisplaced smoothly along the plate 28 (the measurement frame 21M) andaround the bolt 109A, and consequently the head base 26 does not warp asa result of the bimetal effect. Accordingly, the X heads 66 and the likecan measure the position of the wafer stage WST continuously with highprecision.

(2) In addition, the head base 26 is coupled via the vacuum pads 111A,111B (gas bearings) and the like in the state wherein it is notdisplaced relative to the measurement frame 21M at the position of thebolt 109A (the prescribed reference position). Accordingly, the positionof the head base 26 does not change gradually.

(3) In addition, the head base 26 is coupled to the measurement frame21M so that it can be displaced in the directions that link the bolts109A, 109B. Accordingly, the head base 26 does not gradually rotate.

Furthermore, the head base 26 may be linked to the measurement frame 21Min the state wherein it can be displaced using, for example, a leafspring instead of a bolt.

Third Embodiment

The following explains a third embodiment of the present invention,referencing FIG. 13 through FIG. 15. In the present embodiment, the headbase 26 is not coupled to the measurement frame 21M via gas bearings asin the embodiment shown in FIG. 12, but rather it is coupled more via asimpler flexural mechanism. Constituent components in FIG. 13 throughFIG. 15 that are the same or similar to those in FIG. 12 are assignedthe same symbols, and the explanations thereof are omitted.

FIG. 13 shows an exposure apparatus 100B of the present embodiment. InFIG. 13, the head base 26, whereto the X heads 66 and the like arefixed, is coupled to the bottom surface of the measurement frame 21M vianumerous rod shaped flexural members 113, which are substantiallydisposed at prescribed intervals in the X directions and the Ydirections, in the state wherein the head base 26 can be displaced indirections along the front surface of the plate 28 (wherein the X scales39X₁, 39X₂ and the like of FIG. 5A are formed). In other words, the tipparts of the numerous flexural members 113 (the end parts on the headbase 26 side) can be displaced within the ranges of their elasticdeformations in directions along the X scales 39X₁, 39X₂ and the like.

FIG. 14 is an enlarged oblique view that shows part of the measurementframe 21M and the head base 26 in FIG. 13. As shown in FIG. 14, theflexural members 113 are rod shaped members, both ends of which easilydeform, wherein circumferential notched parts (slotted parts) 113 a, 113b are formed at the end parts thereof. In addition, numerous openings25M, 25, wherethrough the gas that is supplied in a downflow passes, areformed in the measurement frame 21M and the head base 26. Other aspectsof this configuration are otherwise similar to that of the embodiment inFIG. 12.

In the present embodiment, the flexural members 113, which are simplemechanisms, are used instead of a complicated mechanism like a vacuumchuck mechanism to couple the measurement frame 21M and the head base 26in the state wherein deformation caused by differences in thecoefficients of linear thermal expansion can be absorbed. In addition,the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of the head base 26 issmaller than that of the measurement frame 21M. At this time, it isassumed that differences in both of the coefficients of linear thermalexpansion cause the measurement frame 21M to extend longer than the headbase 26 from the state shown in part A in FIG. 15 to that shown in partB in FIG. 15 as a result of temperature variations. Even in this case,the deformation of the head base 26 (and, in turn, changes in thepositional relationships among the multiple X heads 66 and the like)caused by elastic deformation of the numerous flexural members 113 canbe kept to a minimum. Accordingly, even in the case wherein themeasurement values of the X heads 66 in FIG. 13 are switched, theposition of the wafer stage WST can be measured with high precision.

In addition, the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of themeasurement frame 21M is larger than that of the head base 26, whichmakes it possible to use a material, such as Invar, that can be formedinto a large member easily, which facilitates manufacturing.Furthermore, in the third embodiment, the coefficient of linear thermalexpansion of the main body part of the wafer stage WST is smaller thanor on the same order as that of the head base 26.

Furthermore, in the present embodiment, instead of the flexural members113, it is also possible to use narrow, rod shaped members (flexuralmembers with simple structures) 114 (FIG. 16A) or flexural members 115(FIG. 16B), wherein slotted parts 115 a are formed in the X directionsand slotted parts 115 b are formed in the Y directions of FIG. 13 atopposite end parts thereof, respectively.

In addition, as shown in the plan view of FIG. 17, the measurement frame21M and the head base 26 may be coupled by: multiple leaf springs 131that are substantially parallel to the YZ plane and are disposed so thatthey sandwich the projection unit PU in the X directions; multiple leafsprings 132 that are substantially parallel to the XZ plane and aredisposed so that they sandwich the projection unit PU in the Ydirections; and the flexural members 113, which are disposedsubstantially evenly at other portions. Thereby, it is possible tocouple the head base 26 to the measurement frame 21M more stably.

In the above-described embodiments, the scales 39X₁, 39Y₁ are fixed tothe wafer stage WST side, and the encoder heads 64, 66 are fixed to themeasurement frame and the like. However, in another embodiment as shownin FIG. 19, the encoder heads 64, 66 can be fixed to the wafer stage WSTside, and X scales 39AX₁, 39AX₂ can be fixed to the measurement frame21S.

Specifically, in the exposure apparatus 100C shown in FIG. 19, a flangepart 40F of the lens barrel for the projection unit PU (the projectionoptical system PL) is held by a mainframe (not shown). A measurementframe 21S, which has a plate shape and has an opening at the centerportion thereof through which the projection unit PU can be passed, isfixed to the bottom surface of the flange part 40F. The measurementframe is made of same kind of a material of the above-describedmeasurement and the like that has a low coefficient of linear thermalexpansion. The two X scales 39AX₁, 39AX₂ are disposed at the bottomsurface of the measurement frame 21S so that they sandwich theprojection unit PU in the Y directions, and each have a rectangularplate shape and a grating(s) with a predetermined pitch in the Xdirections.

As shown in FIG. 20 that is a bottom view along A-A shown in FIG. 19,two Y scales 39AY₁, 39AY₂ are disposed at the bottom surface of themeasurement frame 21S so that they sandwich the projection unit PU inthe X directions, and each have a grating(s) with a predetermined pitchin the Y directions. Protective glass members 132A, 132B, 132C, 132Dhave substantially the same as and cover the X scales 39AX₁, 39AX₂ andthe Y scales 39AY₁, 39AY₂, respectively. Each of the protective glassmembers 132A, 132B, 132C, 132D is held by the measurement frame 21S withattachments 133, 134 and with elastic force which allows the movement ofthe scales 39AX₁, 39AX₂, 39AY₁, or 39AY₂ as a result of the thermaldeformation thereof or the like. Furthermore, vacuum pads 111G, 111H aredisposed at the Y scales 39AY₁, 39AY₂ and along a straight line LH,which is parallel to the X axis and passes through the center of theoptical axis AX of the projection unit PU (the center of the exposurearea), and vacuum pads 111E, 111F are disposed at the X scales 39AX₁,39AX₂ and along a straight line LV, which is parallel to the Y axis andpasses through the same.

The vacuum pads 111E-111H are connected to a suction apparatus 110A,which includes a vacuum pump, via the holes in the measurement frame 21Sand via pipings 112E, 112E shown in FIG. 19 and the like. During theexposure, the scales 39AX₁, 39AX₂, 39AY₁, 39AY₂ are held to themeasurement frame 21S by the suction of the suction apparatus 110A viathe vacuum pads 111E-111H. Thus, the scales 39AX₁, 39AX₂, 39AY₁, 39AY₂are secured by means of the vacuum pads 111E-111H; therefore, thedeviation with respect to the center of exposure area can be prevented,and highly positional measurement with respect to the projection unit PUas the bases can be achieved.

Two detection frames 135A, 135B extending in the Y directions aresecured so that they sandwich the stage main body 91 of the wafer stageWST in the Y directions. Two detection frames 135C, 135D (135D is notshown) extending in the X direction are secured so that they sandwichthe main body 91 in the X directions. A plurality of X heads 66 thatdetect the X scales 39AX₁, 39AX₂, are provided with a predeterminedpitch on the detection frame 135A, 135B. A plurality of Y heads 64 thatdetect the Y scales 39AY₁, 39AY₂, are provided with a predeterminedpitch on the detection frame 135C, 135C. When the wafer stage WST movesin the X directions or the Y directions, the scales 39AX₁, 39AX₂, 39AY₁,39AY₂ are detects by the plurality of X heads 66 and Y heads 64 withswitching; as a result, the position of the wafer stage WST can bemeasured with high precision. It is preferable that the measurementframe 135A-135D be made of a material, which has a low coefficient oflinear thermal expansion such as Super Invar and the like.

Furthermore, when a microdevice, such as a semiconductor device, isfabricated using the exposure apparatus according to the abovementionedembodiments, it is fabricated as shown in FIG. 18 by, for example: astep 221 that designs the functions and performance of the microdevice;a step 222 that fabricates a mask (reticle) based on the design step; astep 223 that fabricates a substrate, which is the base material of thedevice; a substrate processing step 224 that includes, for example, aprocess that uses the exposure apparatus 100 (projection exposureapparatus) according to the embodiments discussed above to expose thesubstrate with the pattern of the reticle, a process that develops theexposed substrate, and a process that heats (cures) and etches thedeveloped substrate; a device assembling step 225 (comprisingfabrication processes, such as a dicing process, a bonding process, anda packaging process); and an inspecting step 226.

In other words, the device fabricating method includes a lithographicprocess, wherein the exposure apparatus according to the abovementionedembodiments is used in the lithographic process. At this time, even ifthe wafer stage moves at high speed, it is unaffected by interferometerturbulence; furthermore, even if the temperature fluctuates to a certainextent, the encoders can measure the position of the wafer stage withhigh precision, which makes it possible to improve exposure accuracy,e.g., overlay accuracy, and to mass produce devices with high precisionand high throughput.

Furthermore, the present invention can also be adapted to, for example,a step-and-scan scanning type projection exposure apparatus (scanner) aswell as a step-and-repeat projection exposure apparatus (stepper and thelike) and other fabrication tools. Furthermore, the present inventioncan similarly be adapted to exposure apparatuses other than the liquidimmersion type, e.g., to a dry exposure type exposure apparatus.

In addition, the present invention is not limited to a semiconductordevice fabrication exposure apparatus, but can also be adapted to: anexposure apparatus that is used for fabricating displays, such as liquidcrystal devices and plasma displays, and that transfers a device patternonto a glass plate; an exposure apparatus that is used in thefabrication of thin film magnetic heads and that transfers a devicepattern onto a ceramic wafer; and an exposure apparatus that is used forfabricating, for example, image capturing devices (CCDs), organicelectroluminescent devices, micromachines, MEMS (microelectromechanicalsystems), and DNA chips. In addition to microdevices, such assemiconductor devices, the present invention can also be adapted to anexposure apparatus that transfers a circuit pattern to, for example, aglass substrate or a silicon wafer in order to fabricate a mask that isused by a visible light exposure apparatus, an EUV exposure apparatus,or the like.

Thus, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments discussedabove, and it is understood that variations and modifications may beeffected without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the detectorsare used to detect the scales that are provided to the moveable member(or stage), and consequently there is no need to provide optical pathswith lengths that are on the same order as the stroke of the movablemember as in the case of a laser interferometer, and it is possible tomitigate the effects of fluctuations in the refractive index of theambient gas. In addition, if the scale of the moveable member deviatesfrom the detection target area of one of the detectors, measurement canproceed by, for example, switching to another detector that is capableof detecting that scale. At this time, the coefficient of linear thermalexpansion of the support member is smaller than that of the moveablebody or the base member; consequently, even if the ambient temperaturefluctuates, fluctuations in the positional relationships among themultiple detectors are prevented, and it is possible to reducemeasurement error when switching between the detectors. Accordingly, thepositioning accuracy of the stage is improved for the case of anexposure apparatus.

What is claimed is:
 1. An immersion exposure apparatus that exposes asubstrate with illumination light via a projection optical system andliquid, the apparatus comprising: a plurality of grating members each ofwhich has a reflecting-type grating portion arranged in substantiallyparallel with a predetermined plane perpendicular to an optical axis ofthe projection optical system, the plurality of grating members beingarranged such that the reflecting-type grating portions surround a lensarranged closest to an image plane among a plurality of optical elementsof the projection optical system; a base member arranged at an oppositeside of the grating members with respect to the grating portion, and towhich the grating members are fixed; a support member that supports thebase member such that the grating members are movable in a directionparallel with the predetermined plane; a stage on which the substrate isplaced, and that is movable below the grating members fixed to the basemember; a measuring device provided at the stage and that has aplurality of detection members each of which is configured to radiatebeam to the grating portions from below the grating portions, so as toobtain position information of the stage; and a frame member thatsupports the projection optical system, wherein the support member isattached to the frame member, the support member being different fromthe frame member, wherein each of a plurality of portions of the supportmember is connected to the base member via a flexural member, theflexural member being different from the support member, and wherein theplurality of grating members are arranged such that the reflecting-typegrating portions surround an opening at which the projection opticalsystem is arranged, and the plurality of grating members are suspendedand supported by the frame member via the base member such that theplurality of grating members are capable of being displaced by theflexural member in a direction along a surface of the plurality ofgrating members.
 2. The immersion exposure apparatus according to claim1, wherein surfaces of the grating members, at an opposite side withrespect to the grating portion are in contact with and fixed to the basemember.
 3. The immersion exposure apparatus according to claim 1,wherein the support member is elastically deformable.
 4. The immersionexposure apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each of the gratingmembers has a protective member that covers the grating portion.
 5. Theimmersion exposure apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising anozzle unit provided at a lower end side of the projection opticalsystem, and that has an opening through which the illumination lightpasses at a lower surface side toward which the stage is arranged toface, so as to form a liquid immersion area between the projectionoptical system and a portion of the substrate, wherein the gratingmembers are arranged at a more outward position than the nozzle unit,and wherein the substrate is exposed with the illumination light via theprojection optical system and a liquid of the liquid immersion area. 6.The immersion exposure apparatus according to claim 5, wherein anopening is formed in a portion of the base member, and the base memberis arranged such that the nozzle unit is positioned within the openingof the base member as to the direction parallel with the predeterminedface.
 7. The immersion exposure apparatus according to claim 6, whereinthe grating members are arranged surrounding the nozzle unit, andarranged such that the grating portion is positioned higher than a lowersurface of the nozzle unit.
 8. The immersion exposure apparatusaccording to claim 7, wherein the nozzle unit has, at a lower surfaceside of the nozzle unit, a recovery port arranged surrounding theopening through which the illumination light passes, and wherein aliquid is supplied to the liquid immersion area via the nozzle unit anda liquid is recovered from the liquid immersion area via the recoveryport.
 9. The immersion exposure apparatus according to claim 5, furthercomprising an another frame member that is different from the framemember, and supports the nozzle unit.
 10. The immersion exposureapparatus according to claim 9, wherein the stage has a holder providedwithin a concave portion formed in an upper surface of the stage so asto hold the substrate, and wherein each of the detection members isprovided at the stage so as to be placed at a more outward position thanthe upper surface.
 11. The immersion exposure apparatus according toclaim 9, wherein the stage has a plurality of fixed members each ofwhich the detection member is fixed to, and which extend radially indirections different from each other.
 12. The immersion exposureapparatus according to claim 1, wherein the stage has a holder providedwithin a concave portion formed in an upper surface of the stage so asto hold the substrate, and wherein each of the detection members isprovided at the stage so as to be placed at a more outward position thanthe upper surface.
 13. The immersion exposure apparatus according toclaim 12, wherein the stage has a plurality of fixed members each ofwhich the detection member is fixed to, and which extend in more outwarddirections than the upper surface.
 14. The immersion exposure apparatusaccording to claim 13, wherein the fixed members are provided at thestage such that the detection members face the grating portionsdifferent from each other.
 15. The immersion exposure apparatusaccording to claim 12, further comprising a nozzle unit provided at alower end side of the projection optical system, and that has an openingthrough which the illumination light passes at a lower surface sidetoward which the stage is arranged to face, so as to form a liquidimmersion area between the projection optical system and a portion ofthe substrate, wherein the substrate is exposed with the illuminationlight via the projection optical system and a liquid of the liquidimmersion area.
 16. The immersion exposure apparatus according to claim1, wherein the stage has a plurality of fixed members each of which thedetection member is fixed to, and which extend radially in directionsdifferent from each other.
 17. The immersion exposure apparatusaccording to claim 16, further comprising a nozzle unit provided at alower end side of the projection optical system, and that has an openingthrough which the illumination light passes at a lower surface sidetoward which the stage is arranged to face, so as to form a liquidimmersion area between the projection optical system and a portion ofthe substrate, wherein the substrate is exposed with the illuminationlight via the projection optical system and a liquid of the liquidimmersion area.
 18. A method for producing a device comprising: exposinga substrate by using the immersion exposure apparatus according to claim1; and developing the exposed substrate.
 19. An immersion exposuremethod that exposes a substrate with illumination light via a projectionoptical system and liquid, the method comprising: moving a stage onwhich the substrate is placed, below a plurality of grating members eachof which has a reflecting-type grating portion arranged in substantiallyparallel with a predetermined plane perpendicular to an optical axis ofthe projection optical system, the plurality of grating members beingarranged such that the reflecting-type grating portions surround a lensarranged closest to an image plane among a plurality of optical elementsof the projection optical system; obtaining position information of thestage, by a measuring device provided at the stage and that has aplurality of detection members each of which is configured to radiatebeam to the grating portions from below the grating portions; andcontrolling a position of the stage, based on the measured positioninformation, wherein the grating members are fixed to a base memberarranged at an opposite side with respect to the grating portion,wherein the base member is supported by a support member such that thegrating members are movable in a direction parallel with thepredetermined plane, wherein the support member that supports the basemember is attached to a frame member that supports the projectionoptical system, the support member being different from the framemember, wherein each of a plurality of portions of the support member isconnected to the base member via a flexural member, the flexural memberbeing different from the support member, and wherein the plurality ofgrating members are arranged such that the reflecting-type gratingportions surround an opening at which the projection optical system isarranged, and the plurality of grating members are suspended andsupported by the frame member via the base member such that theplurality of grating members are capable of being displaced by theflexural member in a direction along a surface of the plurality ofgrating members.
 20. The immersion exposure method according to claim19, wherein surfaces of the grating members, at an opposite side withrespect to the grating portion are in contact with and fixed to the basemember.
 21. The immersion exposure method according to claim 19, whereinthe support member is elastically deformable.
 22. The immersion exposuremethod according to claim 19, wherein each of the grating members has aprotective member that covers the grating portion.
 23. The immersionexposure method according to claim 19, wherein a liquid immersion areais formed between the projection optical system and a portion of thesubstrate, by a nozzle unit provided at a lower end side of theprojection optical system, and that has an opening through which theillumination light passes at a lower surface side toward which the stageis arranged to face, and the substrate is exposed with the illuminationlight via the projection optical system and a liquid of the liquidimmersion area, and wherein the grating members are arranged at a moreoutward position than the nozzle unit.
 24. The immersion exposure methodaccording to claim 23, wherein an opening is formed in a portion of thebase member, and the base member is arranged such that the nozzle unitis positioned within the opening of the base member as to the directionparallel with the predetermined face.
 25. The immersion exposure methodaccording to claim 24, wherein the grating members are arrangedsurrounding the nozzle unit, and arranged such that the grating portionis positioned higher than a lower surface of the nozzle unit.
 26. Theimmersion exposure method according to claim 25, wherein a liquid issupplied to the liquid immersion area via the nozzle unit, and a liquidis recovered from the liquid immersion area via a recovery portarranged, at a lower surface side of the nozzle unit, surrounding theopening.
 27. The immersion exposure method according to claim 23,wherein the nozzle unit is supported by an another frame member that isdifferent from the frame member.
 28. The immersion exposure methodaccording to claim 27, wherein the substrate is held by a holder withina concave portion formed in an upper surface of the stage, and whereineach of the detection members is provided at the stage so as to beplaced at a more outward position than the upper surface.
 29. Theimmersion exposure method according to claim 27, wherein each of thedetection members is fixed to each of a plurality of fixed membersprovided so as to extend, from the stage, radially in directionsdifferent from each other.
 30. The immersion exposure method accordingto claim 19, wherein the substrate is held by a holder within a concaveportion formed in an upper surface of the stage, and wherein each of thedetection members is provided at the stage so as to be placed at a moreoutward position than the upper surface.
 31. The immersion exposuremethod according to claim 30, wherein each of the detection members isfixed to each of a plurality of fixed members provided at the stage soas to extend in more outward directions than the upper surface.
 32. Theimmersion exposure method according to claim 31, wherein the fixedmembers are provided at the stage such that the detection members facethe grating portions different from each other.
 33. The immersionexposure method according to claim 30, wherein a liquid immersion areais formed between the projection optical system and a portion of thesubstrate, by a nozzle unit provided at a lower end side of theprojection optical system, and that has an opening through which theillumination light passes at a lower surface side toward which the stageis arranged to face, and the substrate is exposed with the illuminationlight via the projection optical system and a liquid of the liquidimmersion area.
 34. The immersion exposure method according to claim 19,wherein each of the detection members is fixed to each of a plurality offixed members provided so as to extend, from the stage, radially indirections different from each other.
 35. The immersion exposure methodaccording to claim 34, wherein a liquid immersion area is formed betweenthe projection optical system and a portion of the substrate, by anozzle unit provided at a lower end side of the projection opticalsystem, and that has an opening through which the illumination lightpasses at a lower surface side toward which the stage is arranged toface, and the substrate is exposed with the illumination light via theprojection optical system and a liquid of the liquid immersion area. 36.A method for producing a device comprising: exposing a substrate byusing the immersion exposure method according to claim 19; anddeveloping the exposed substrate.
 37. A method for producing animmersion exposure apparatus that exposes a substrate with illuminationlight via a projection optical system and liquid, the method comprising:providing a plurality of grating members each of which has areflecting-type grating portion arranged in substantially parallel witha predetermined plane perpendicular to an optical axis of the projectionoptical system, the plurality of grating members being arranged suchthat the reflecting-type grating portions surround a lens arrangedclosest to an image plane among a plurality of optical elements of theprojection optical system; providing a base member arranged at anopposite side of the grating members with respect to the gratingportion, and to which the grating members are fixed; providing a supportmember that supports the base member such that the grating members aremovable in a direction parallel with the predetermined plane; providinga stage on which the substrate is placed, and that is movable below thegrating members fixed to the base member; providing a measuring deviceprovided at the stage and that has a plurality of detection members eachof which is configured to radiate beam to the grating portions frombelow the grating portions, so as to obtain position information of thestage; and providing a frame member that supports the projection opticalsystem, wherein the support member is attached to the frame member, thesupport member being different from the frame member; wherein each of aplurality of portions of the support member is connected to the basemember via a flexural member, the flexural member being different fromthe support member, and wherein the plurality of grating members arearranged such that the reflecting-type grating portions surround anopening at which the projection optical system is arranged, and theplurality of grating members are suspended and supported by the framemember via the base member such that the plurality of grating membersare capable of being displaced by the flexural member in a directionalong a surface of the plurality of grating members.